Explain why women failed to gain the right to votebetween 1900 and 1914

Female Emancipation was one of the greatest changes in human history. Only in the last two centuries has progress been made; the right to vote was part of this global process. In the 19th Century Britain was profoundly unequal in terms of class and gender. Women were of inferior status both in society's views and legally, and their role was to marry and have children. On marriage they promised to serve their husband and a woman's property became her husband's. (Until late 1880, they had absolutely no rights over their property or children. ) Around the turn of the century, groups such as the Suffragists and Suffragettes started up, championing the right for women to vote, which in turn would help female candidates run for a position in parliament. This was the state of Britains social hierachy. The matter of why women failed to gain the right to vote in the years leading up to the first world war is quite a complicated issue. With all the huge campaigns lead by the Suffragists and Suffragettes there are a number of key points to understand. First of all, the vote was very exclusive at this period of time, even all men did not have it. Only homeowners in full-time employment were allowed to vote, which limited the vote to virtually the upper-middle and upper clases, and the lucky workers. Then there were the traditional views on women in general; they were seen as practically â€Å"second class† citizens of the country. Only in 1870 had education up to the age of 11 become free and compulsory for girls. (For boys it was earlier) Women had only just won the right to vote and run in local government elections. Most people felt the womans place was in the home raising children. Young girls who wanted to go on to higher education instead of marrying at the age of 16 were generally looked upon with disgust. They were seen as abnormal. It is easy to see that in a male-dominated country with an all-male government and cabinet it was an almost impossible task to win the franchise, or so it seemed. The Suffrage movement was increasing constantly, however compared to the nations population, the members of the various groups seemed very small. Many men did not want women to gain the vote for the long term reasons stated earlier, and even many women felt that they did not need the vote. It is hard to understand, but the whole mentality of British society was so deeply set in traditional thought that bringing about a change of such proportions was an immensly difficult task. Some people even started up Anti-Suffrage movements. The Suffrage groups started putting massive amounts of pressure on the government, which was for most of the duration run by the Liberal Party. (Lead by Lloyd Asquith after 1908. ) Hopes were high for a women suffrage when the Liberals came to power in 1906, because their policies were based on equality, although women's suffrage was not on their manifesto. Asquith, however, was against the right to vote for women. All the women's suffrage groups had intensified their campaigns when the Liberal Party was elected, and they had a high level of support. The Suffragettes were the smaller of the two largest groups, but were by far the most publicised. They believed in â€Å"Deeds not Words†, and were a more militant group than the larger and more respectful â€Å"Suffragists†. The Suffragettes were growing impatient and started intensifying their campaigns, growing more and more violent. Incidents involving stoning and heckling MP's, confronting authorities, getting fined and not paying; leading to imprisonment plagued the headlines of newspapers on a regular basis. Although this was putting pressure on the government, it also had the negative effect of alienating the movement from the public who generally did not like this approach. The Suffragettes started launching attacks on property, attacking Key MP's houses or property, setting fire to pillar boxes (thus destroying the property of Her Majesty) and chaining themselves to rails outside important political locations. This caused intense dislike towards them, and caused splits within the group itself. A free vote showed that the Parliament was overall for women to have the vote, as long as an adult male suffrage was introduced aswell. This was so all the working class males would be allowed to vote which would be an adcantage to them, so the increase in upper class people voting (women) would not hurt their chances of becoming re-elected. They also did not want to be seen as giving in to what was literally terrorism. The government also had greater issues to deal with, such as the crisis in Ireland, and the threat of War with Germany. Compared to these issues, the womens demonstrations and attacks seemed a minor problem. In 1914, The First World War had begun. This was the first total war, which required the whole nations contribution. The Suffragettes and other groups called off their protests and volunteered to help the government in the war effort. They had failed to win the right to vote, at least in the years between 1900 and 1914.

Marketing: Toyota Prius Essay

1. What micro-environmental factors affected both the first generation and second generation models of Toyota Prius? How well has to Toyota dealt with these factors? To readers of this problem have an important starting point the definition of micro-environment. This term is a factor in the marketing environment, its problems, in one way or another, affect the ability of the company, close and direct way to serve its customers. This includes, such as customers, suppliers, competitors, shareholders, employees and the media, including the factors. With this in mind, it may be the security status of the micro-environmental factors affect the first and second-generation Toyota Prius customers and competitors.Consumers, natural gas prices, are looking for answers to their prayers. Toyota to give them the answer, the vehicle will allow people to save gas, and provide a good, efficient service. The first generation Prius was released, though not too beautiful or strange, it provides to its will and customer purchase.Other factors, competitors, it is obvious. Everyone wants to share. Honda and other auto manufacturers have begun to develop and / or implementation of the hybrid system on some of their vehicles. Toyota’s answer is the continuous development has been the success of the Prius. Developed and released the second generation. This is a new generation of more fuel-efficient. It also includes the more technology advances, more space, and other factors, will allow all types of customers are interested in. 2. Outline the major macro-environmental factors – demographic, economic, natural, political and cultural – that have affected the Prius sales. How well Toyota dealt with each of these factors? Macro-environmental factors of the microenvironment of the impact of larger social forces. Some of these factors is the demographic, economic, natural, technological, political and cultural forces. With that said, I believe that the macro-environmental factors that affect the Prius sales forces of nature in a positive way. Now, it would not be fair if I did not mention the strength and economy. Therefore, a car, save gas, which means that also contribute to pollution. Technological progress is the basis of the possible Prius, this second generation for the better. The first generation is a considerable based on second-generation release more tools and additional. Natural gas prices continued to increase non-stop.The facts will affect the sales of the Prius, especially in the sport utility vehicle (SUV) driven society. Macro-environmental factors Demographics Demographics is the other statistical aspects of human society, the size, location, gender, or race. Based on these factors, the organizations to develop a marketing plan for potential customers. Economics Basically, economics is the study of how society choose to use its resources. I believe that the factors that contribute to government and other entities to provide incentives for the purchase of vehicles such as the Prius. Growing desire to protect the environment, the impact of many industries, in our case, the transport sector. Toyota made ​​the right step to produce its Natural The macro-environment factors, including the use of natural resources, in order to improve the clients’ interests. â€Å"Green† is to sell these days. The community has a great interest and feel very positive to save the planet.Toyota’s marketing team in a very positive way to use such factors as the vehicle to cause a stir. Technology Well, after all, what society is these days, all the technological progress does not? New technologies are constantly touch the community. Technology to improve existing products and new opportunities. Toyota is the use of technology to make customers aware of upcoming vehicles. It uses tools such as the Internet to distribute brochures and all types of Prius its pre-release information. Political what is community government and the law? Forces, no doubt, connected to the economy. Toyota and other car manufacturers have access to people who are willing to buy a hybrid vehicle tax and other incentives. If other forces did not cause any interest, which will certainly be. So now you can save gas, you can also save tax. In addition, in some cases, you are allowed to driving the HOV line, even if only one person driving. Culture Demographic forces will set in. Toyota’s strategy is likely to be the best time to hit the social base of interested customers. The high price of natural gas to drive a vehicle is not economical. The society is a solution to the need for change and Toyota. 3. Evaluate Toyota’s marketing strategy so far. What has Toyota done well? How might it improve its strategy? Product-The re-launch of the product better and attractive features than its previous version, including its appearance and internal characteristics. Price-Second, the price to remain competitive, helping the company to maintain the advantage over their competitors, and maintain its customer profitability. Place-the products by the market, in this sense, it is available showroom on the Internet easily. Customers to make informed decisions, provide detailed site and personal assistance by a trained agent. They can also share their experiences through chat rooms such as the Prius envy, Promotions-the ComExtensive marketing activities, and through television (Discovery Channel, MSNBC, history and the Learning Channel, etc.), billboards, car magazines (Newsweek, Vanity Fair far) heavy promotional activities, newspapers, leaflets, along withemotional banners and environment al appeal Toyota as market leader itself In my opinion, and according to the situation, Toyota has brought a new product with a strong marketing strategy. I think the only problem is that the target range of vehicles is limited. The first generation Prius is a very simple and basic. It did not provide a standard these days all these benefits in a number of vehicles and tools. The other hand, the second generation has brought many changes, especially technological progress. It also includes a little more luxury, better style. This time, in my opinion, Toyota, carry more electricity marketing strategy that, more types of consumers. I think that Toyota is moving in the right direction in its marketing strategy greetings. In addition, the Prius seems to be technological progress is greatly enhanced. It is not only running the miles per gallon, but it also makes people interested in gadgets, fully. Toyota has a few of their vehicles lead in the automotive market is not a myth. Prius entire team, including its marketing group is doing a great job when it comes to development and advocacy. 4. GM’s marketing director for new ventures, Ken Stewart, says "if you want to get a lot of hybrids on the road, you put them in vehicles that people are buying now." This seems to summarize the U.S. auto makers’ approach to hybrids. Would you agree with Mr. Stewart? Why or why not? Recall back the 1970s Arab oil embargo. Once the Americans are scared, gas rationing and prices, they bought a lot of small cars. Since then, they have switched to buy a bigger car than they buy the oil embargo (SUVs). Basically, most Americans like big cars. Large, and we want room. Therefore, Stewart has a point. Given the large share of the market for large vehicles (cars and trucks), has been arrested, hybrid sales will be greater, if they are large vehicles, rather than small. (Large vehicles have a greater market share, if you add the SUV, van, truck sales together.) If the company’s goal is to sell more hybrid model has a high price tag (which may create a more of pro fits), then his argument makes sense. However, SUVs and trucks are usually performance vehicles, so people want to know if a hybrid car (for example) is a contradiction. Consumers believe that a truck or a Jeep hybrid is a big, tough vehicles? To promote these vehicles tend to emphasize through the rugged terrain and hairpin turn around the performance, speed, toughness, driving. Clearly, Toyota is considered most likely to respond to these calls consumers are those who buy smaller cars. So far, they have been successfully selling their own cars, but they still do not sell a lot of impact to their bottom line. The market may not at this time, large. I believe I will agree with Mr. Stewart. It is a fact, people are buying cars, because they like or need them, rather than because of gas efficiency. Now, if you add the gas efficiency of the factors, it may encourage consumers. In my opinion, the Prius is one of the ugliest car I’ve ever seen. I would buy it the fact that, will save gas? I would not buy it, is not only ugly, but it does not meet the purpose and taste. Now, if we are talking about the SUV Universal Tahoe, I think it might be of interest. Not only as SUVs, but it also looks good, and help me save gas and environmental contributions. Prius, although the very economy of natural gas may not be the best car of a six House. Therefore, there are other options is based on the same concept may be very useful Toyota or any car.

Bhavnath Temple Case Study

R. D. Introduction: The case is all about an increasing irrigation facilities after independence but there was certain problems with the removing location of BHAVNATH TEMPLE which is between the dam and people don’t want to change place of temple with that there are some other issue also there. After independence in 1947, the both central state government want overall economic development. In undivided Bombay province a proposal given to build dam on river. It calculated 4700 million cu. ft. Water to develop 92000 acre of land, In 3 district. To do that 8 villages are totally submerged and resettled at other place. This all require to providing new livelihood to people. The reservoir was to have catchments area of 230 sq. miles. The average rainfall was 34†. In this 1 plan the F. S. L. , was 592 H. F. L. was 596 and R. L. was 601. Directed irrigable area was 19300 acres and the indirect irrigation flow to some 73600acre. It yields 15. 83 lacks revenue per year. Agricultural production increase as 30400 tons. It was 147. 74 lacks. This project was fully feasible in the eyes of government. If plan 1 was accepted than temple was saved by using gates to save from flood. After making 1 proposal government made 2 proposal. In that, if all of three levels rose so that ultimate capacity raise to 1000 million cu. Ft. in that F. S. L. 595 H. F. L. 606. By doing this the agricultural production increasing and irrigation facilities provide to larger areas. But in 2 plan temple could not be saved but people remained adamant in there demand. IN 1960 state of Bombay bifurcated and now Gujarat PWD department began to think about reopened the plan again. They find this scheme was good for development. The problem is that what should do to become success of this plan. Objectives: †¢ To build the dam, †¢ To increase agricultural production, †¢ Do ultimate overall development Problems: †¢ Temple get submerged, †¢ Religious sentiments, †¢ Opposition by villagers †¢ People get displaced. Constraints: †¢ Location of dam †¢ Religious sentiment can’t be changed. Criteria: †¢ Cost should be minimized †¢ Maximum returns †¢ Minimum people affected †¢ Minimum time in implementation Alternatives: †¢ Plan 1 if no plan 2 †¢ Resettlement of affected people †¢ Wall around the temple Help from religious leader †¢ Convincing people about benefit †¢ Raising the height of temple Suggestion: From all above alternative we compare it with objectives, problem, and criteria we can suggest that to succeeding this scheme government should increasing level of temple by above than flood level with using good construction peeler so ultimately height of temple raised and they saved from flood. By doing so peoples are permit to build dam on river. Contingency plan: If it is not possible to build temple by construction of piller then take help from the religious leader. THANK YOU Bhavnath Temple Case Study R. D. Introduction: The case is all about an increasing irrigation facilities after independence but there was certain problems with the removing location of BHAVNATH TEMPLE which is between the dam and people don’t want to change place of temple with that there are some other issue also there. After independence in 1947, the both central state government want overall economic development. In undivided Bombay province a proposal given to build dam on river. It calculated 4700 million cu. ft. Water to develop 92000 acre of land, In 3 district. To do that 8 villages are totally submerged and resettled at other place. This all require to providing new livelihood to people. The reservoir was to have catchments area of 230 sq. miles. The average rainfall was 34†. In this 1 plan the F. S. L. , was 592 H. F. L. was 596 and R. L. was 601. Directed irrigable area was 19300 acres and the indirect irrigation flow to some 73600acre. It yields 15. 83 lacks revenue per year. Agricultural production increase as 30400 tons. It was 147. 74 lacks. This project was fully feasible in the eyes of government. If plan 1 was accepted than temple was saved by using gates to save from flood. After making 1 proposal government made 2 proposal. In that, if all of three levels rose so that ultimate capacity raise to 1000 million cu. Ft. in that F. S. L. 595 H. F. L. 606. By doing this the agricultural production increasing and irrigation facilities provide to larger areas. But in 2 plan temple could not be saved but people remained adamant in there demand. IN 1960 state of Bombay bifurcated and now Gujarat PWD department began to think about reopened the plan again. They find this scheme was good for development. The problem is that what should do to become success of this plan. Objectives: †¢ To build the dam, †¢ To increase agricultural production, †¢ Do ultimate overall development Problems: †¢ Temple get submerged, †¢ Religious sentiments, †¢ Opposition by villagers †¢ People get displaced. Constraints: †¢ Location of dam †¢ Religious sentiment can’t be changed. Criteria: †¢ Cost should be minimized †¢ Maximum returns †¢ Minimum people affected †¢ Minimum time in implementation Alternatives: †¢ Plan 1 if no plan 2 †¢ Resettlement of affected people †¢ Wall around the temple Help from religious leader †¢ Convincing people about benefit †¢ Raising the height of temple Suggestion: From all above alternative we compare it with objectives, problem, and criteria we can suggest that to succeeding this scheme government should increasing level of temple by above than flood level with using good construction peeler so ultimately height of temple raised and they saved from flood. By doing so peoples are permit to build dam on river. Contingency plan: If it is not possible to build temple by construction of piller then take help from the religious leader. THANK YOU

Effectiveness of the Department of Homeland Security Research Paper

Effectiveness of the Department of Homeland Security - Research Paper Example Reflecting on what happened on that fateful day; one is left wondering how it happened and where the security agents were at the time. However, what is clear is that the intelligence agencies failed in their mandate to protect the country from such catastrophes. A reflection of the incidence show the Pentagon being raced down by planes hijacked by terrorists. In fact, many people were taken aback by the incident including the security agents. Therefore, to prevent such attacks in the future and to ensure that America becomes a secure country to live in and do business, George Walker Bush, undertook a proactive move that led to the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security. The move to establish the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was informed by the need to protect the U.S. against terrorism, according to Ball (2005). DHS had 22 different federal agencies charge with different roles aimed at ensuring that the country is safeguarded from terrorist threats. The fact th at DHS had 22 different federal departments made it the third largest Federal department in the country. An overview of the Department of Homeland Security's responsibilities in prevention and emergency response The responsibilities of the Department of Homeland Security as far as prevention and emergency response are concerned are four folds. The first major responsibility of DHS is safeguarding the United States by preventing terrorism and enhancing national security (Charvat, 2012). According to Charvat (2012), safeguarding the U.S. and its citizens from terrorism was the cornerstone for its formation, following the 9/11 incident. The 9/11 incident exposed the country’s vulnerability to terrorism of whatever kind. Therefore, in response to the incident, the then president, George Walker Bush found it necessary to form an independent department responsible for safeguarding the country from terrorist threats. It is reported that DHS works in collaboration with other federal Departments and agencies to ensure that the country remain safe and secure to live in and do business. In fulfilling its mandate of safeguarding the country against terrorism, DHS also focuses on the prevention of unauthorized importation, acquisition, or use of nuclear, biological, and chemical materials and capabilities within the country’s borders. In addition, DHS focuses on reducing vulnerability of key leadership, crucial infrastructure, and events to terrorist attacks and other catastrophes (Ball, 2005). Indeed many agree that the safety of the United States have increased tremendously since the formation of the Department of Homeland Security. So far, the country has not suffered a major incidence of terrorism (Charvat, 2012). In addition, with the help of the DHS, the President Obama administration have been able to kill Osama, the mastermind of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. However, this is not to say that the U.S. is absolutely safe from terrorism. This is because th e country recently witnessed an incident of terrorism during the Boston marathon, which left some people dead and scores injured. The incidence show that the DHS still needs to do more to safeguard the country and citizens from terrorism.

Learnscape simulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Learnscape simulation - Essay Example ion X children as their caretakers, Bright Roads should consider including images that would capture the interest of these caretakers who would be more apt to peruse Bright Road’s web presence. 3) Review the premiere service line offerings of Bright Roads. Quality rankings, awards, distinctions linked to key targeted services should drive users to click further through page. Consider featuring these distinctions on the web page to showcase Bright Road’s stellar ranking and commitment to patient care/quality measures. 1) Placement of logo and picture do not generate interest. Similar to the website, an image of a building will not drive individuals to want to learn more about Bright Roads Services. Consider adding images that tell the Bright Roads story. 2) Social Media page should link to several means of communication: i.e. Twitter. This would allow for Bright Roads to connect to customers and provide updates on services and key community events once the consumer signs up. 3) Include a You Tube link that would allow prospective customers to view videos. This presents a n opportunity for Bright Roads to further engage the customer. Rather than including the You Tube icon, consider a catchy link that would generate interest in a library of videos. 1) The landing page for the Bright Roads PHR features a picture of a clinician holding an IPad. If the PHR is intended to be created, maintained and primarily for the benefit of the patient, this cannot be ascertained from the story this picture tells. Consider include images better representative of the desired patient population and/or images that show the value from a patients perspective of having a PHR. Additionally, re-messaging the definition of the PHR on this site might be helpful in clarifying its purpose to the patient. 2) Potentially include video testimonials and/or written comments/postings with relatable stories from patients that highlight the benefits of having a PHR. This can include safety

The Ancient Art and Its Forms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Ancient Art and Its Forms - Essay Example The first Indian art is believed to be 5,000 years old, which included stone carving and bronze castings. With a great history of Hinduism and Buddhism, the Indians produced many religious pieces of arts. People in ancient Central America around Mexico region began their artistic work 1000 years BC. The region is famous for the production of wonderful ceramics with kilns burning it over 900Â °C (Henry M, 2012, p. pg 123). The Christian era began during the ancient times and is believed to have continued evolving until the modern times. The most striking features of this period include monuments produced by Indians, Egyptians, Romans and many other groups. However, we shall concentrate on two striking monuments like the Minoan Snake Goddess and Totem Pole. Minoan Snake Goddess is an ancient cultural piece of art that depicts the Goddess holds two snakes in each hand. The first production of Minoan Snake goddess dates back to 1600BCE. The piece of art resembles a totem pole by the manner in which it is decorated. An interpretation of the open breast reveals the fertile nature of the Goddess. The snakes are a symbol of renewed life since the snakes are regarded as immortal whenever they shed their skin and renew their strength. The above pieces of art resemble each other in the manner in which they are decorated (Richerson, 1992). They are also symbols of religion. Indians in their temples use the Minoan Goddess symbol. The two pieces of art are 3-dimensional carvings mostly done using the stone. Indians used the stone to produce most of their ancient art and so was Minoan Snake Goddess. Use of colors was highly emphasized ancient artists because colors and decorations brought out the beauty aspect of the intended art. Use of line and shape has also been used in the two pieces of art. Shapes like triangle and cube boxes have been employed in the Minoan Snake Goddess. The same also applies to the Totem Pole piece of art.

MKTG sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MKTG sustainability - Essay Example Placement refers to the concept of places of buying and selling. Marketing sustainability is a revolutionary idea that is essential for guiding the objectives of marketing. It introduces the social aspects of marketing. Marketing sustainability relates to the philosophy of corporate social responsibility. It comes handy in the face of globalization whereby customer attraction and retention activities are becoming intense. The philosophy entails marketing activities that goes beyond profit seeking. It links market share, profitability and good ethics (Nwankwo and Gbadamosi 369). It becomes vital to handle the market in a way that still contributes to the well being of society. Sustainability marketing adds two concepts to the four orientations of marketing. In this sense, marketing includes product and production orientation. In addition, it entails sales and market orientation. Lastly, it entails societal and social marketing orientation. It includes broad categories such as ecological and environmental marketing. It also entails ethical marketin g and elements of social responsibility. Sustainable marketing should be able to meet the requirements of the present generations without jeopardizing the lives of future generations (Nwankwo and Gbadamosi 370). It is defined as the production and creation of sustainable marketing solutions while continuing the satisfaction of consumers and stakeholders. Such marketing should satisfy three conditions. To begin with, the customers should attain their needs. Similarly, organizations should meet their needs. Thirdly, the marketing process should be compatible with ecosystems. This suggests two things. First, marketing respects the profit value of businesses. Additionally, this marketing is sensitive and it respects both the natural and social environments. Ethics refer to the values and moral principles that inform on conduct of individuals and organizations. The business is part of the society. However, its

Organizational analysis of the Nike Company Research Paper

Organizational analysis of the Nike Company - Research Paper Example Nike is no doubt a leading manufacturer and provider of sports goods and equipment throughout the world filled with hundreds of nations. The production facilities of the company are operating in distant parts of Bangladesh and India where employees are paid on an hourly basis (Leavy, 2004). The Nike as a company is the most suitable instance of an organization which has worked tremendously over the past few years to incorporate outsourcing within the very fabric of itself but recent problems with the company are originating within its strategic alignment with the outside world and external environment in a general way. The company is operating in order to provide state of the art gear for sportsmen and women all around the world. Nike is clearly feeling reluctant in terms of adopting change and therefore, lagging behind in the industry of footwear that is rapidly evolving in order to incorporate growing demands of the modern consumer. The company needs to design and market multipurpo se shoes so that public can use them in wide range of scenarios of life. Nike as an organization is serving a very specific and unique clientele in all regions of the world. Major KSIs are described as follows: -The international economic and fiscal pressures have caused people to drop their expenses on purchasing luxuries and as Nike’s products qualify as luxuries and therefore, they also took a notable hit as their global demand decreased. The reduction in demand for luxuries had been motivated.

AIDS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AIDS - Essay Example This disease has been marked as the second most frequent pathological condition across the globe which has highlighted the fact that this condition is not restricted to a particular region but follows a global pattern. It has been labeled as the first most common cause of death in Africa where it has been reported to lead to more than 20 percent of the deaths in this particular region. Following the identification of the disease, it has been known to result in greater than 20 million deaths across the world. International health organizations have noted the severity of the issue and the World Health Organization put forward the fact that 39.4 million people had AIDS or they had a present infection with human immunodeficiency virus in the year 2004 (Davidson et al 2009). The region of Africa has the highest number of people with this disease and 70 percent of the total AIDS patients belong to this region. The United States of America also has a large number of people suffering from th e disease and in the year 2002, it was analyzed that 900,000 residents of the country had the disease. The disease serves as a grave problem in the country as it has been analyzed to be the second life taking reason amongst the males of the age group of 25 to 44 years in the country. Young children are also not spared and in the year 2002, it was found out that 800,000 more children were affected with this pathology which may result due to passing of the virus from the mother to the child during birth or via breast feeding from infected mothers (Robbins et al 2005). Thus it can be seen that a very large number of people are affected with this condition but many people avoid presenting their problems owing to the stigma associated with this condition. Thesis: AIDS is a global problem which affects a large number of people and these people should be helped and societies should be created to assist these individuals. The stigma associated with this condition is unjustified as the patie nts suffering from AIDS are like other patients who require help and assistance to overcome their condition. Support: Jonathon Mann who was the director of the Global AIDS Program of the World Health Organization for this syndrome in the year 1987 already created insight into the stigmatizing aspect of AIDS. He explained that overcoming the social response associated with AIDS was extremely important in tackling the issue of AIDS across the world. This problem associated with the condition of AIDS was again highlighted in the year 2000 by Peter Piot who was the executive director of UNAIDS. The stigma and the way the patients are treated negatively further increases the suffering of the people who have AIDS. These patients avoid coming forward owing to the fact that they might be labeled in a negative manner (Parker 2002). It has been analyzed that the morals of the people who suffer from AIDS are questioned. An incident of a gynecologist who was suffering from AIDS is a very good e xample of this stigma. The doctor was widely publicized in the media and was criticized for risking the health of the patients who might be affected with the disease. A major stigma associated

Has Americas foreign policy been successful in the Middle East Research Paper

Has Americas foreign policy been successful in the Middle East - Research Paper Example The foreign policy of America represents the ways of interacting with different overseas nations of the world along with setting standards for interacting with the individual citizens, corporations and organizations. The prime goal of the US foreign policy is to establish a secure, prosperous and democratic world, which would serve beneficial for the people of America and others as well as who belong to various international countries. In this context, the US has separated foreign policies for the Middle East countries that determine its relation in terms of carrying out effective trade and foreign relations with the same. The strategic interest of the US over the Middle East countries is the major reason behind the formulation and the execution of the foreign policies. Justifiably, Middle East nations have huge deposits of oil and therefore acquiring this product is the main strategic interest of the US. The US foreign policy for the Middle East gained its significance after the end of World War II. During the Cold War, the American foreign policy aimed at preventing the anti-communist regimes of Soviet Union towards the Arab countries (Dow Jones & Company, 2015). However, after the attack of 9/11 in the year 2001, the US foreign policy started concentrating on addressing and mitigating anti-terrorism related activities (Johnson, 2015). The US possesses diplomatic relations with different Middle East countries apart from Iran, as this nation once went with anti-American regime in the year 1979 (Chomsky, 2010).

Girls and poverty Essay Example for Free

Girls and poverty Essay The gap between the world’s rich and poor keeps widening. Over the last 20 years, the market share of the least-developed countries (700 million inhabitants) has decreased from 1 percent to 0. 6 percent of the world’s total commerce. â€Å"The majority of the population in black Africa is poorer today than a generation ago,† writes French economist Philippe Jurgensen in Challenges magazine. In Ethiopia, for example, 67 million people live on one third the wealth of Luxembourg’s 400,000 inhabitants. Jurgensen notes that European farmers are entitled to receive a daily subsidy of 2. 5 euros per cow, whereas some 2. 5 billion people live on less than that each day. Thus, in many parts of the world, â€Å"a poor person is worth less than a cow,† says Jurgensen. (Bowler, 1983, 15) The present society today is composed of a vast population that is so much divided by the economic status of each individual. There are those who have strived and attained the wealth that they wanted, and there are those who remained in their state and stayed poor all their lives. This is the situation that social Darwinism suggests. (IRN Zimbabwe, 2003, 19) The vast income divide between rich and poor segregates people and even countries from one another. Not long ago the fortune of the richest man in the United States surpassed the combined net worth of more than 100 million of his fellow Americans. Globalization has also favored the growth of rich multinational companies that have practically taken over the world market for certain products. In 1998, for example, just ten companies controlled 86 percent of the $262-billion telecommunications business (Gelb, 1986, 17). The economic clout of these multinationals often exceeds that of governments and, as Amnesty International points out, â€Å"human rights and labour rights are not a priority on their agenda. (Gelb, 1986, 10) Because of this fact, economic prejudice and oppression of the poor is very eminent within the communities of any nation. At so many situations, it could be noted that the poor are the ones discriminated from receiving the needed provisions that they ought to receive from the governments. Their rights are duly suppressed simply because of the fact that they have not much financial source to support their need or even their rights. Sadly, the situation of the poor becomes even poorer every second that the society advances ahead through technology, while the rich ones become richer because of their capability to use capitalism as a source of business, which would give them even more financial freedom. At this point, the existence of social Darwinism already becomes clear. Yes, Social Darwinism clearly portrays the psychological distraction that the poor ones get from their situation in life. Being poor have naturally made people commit the biggest mistake of simply accepting what they are. Their blinded mind that focuses on their misery has dragged them to the dreadful situation of helplessness that they are dealing with right now. Certainly, in relating the said theory to the actual situations of the humanity, it could be observed that the idea of Darwinism is indeed true and is obvious. Because of the fact that there are those who have power, mainly because they have the capability to gain the said authority due to their accumulation of wealth, the oppression of those who do not have the sources to attain power continues to rise. How is this proven? The following paragraphs that would pertain to the actual current issues shall clearly state the situation of the society regarding social Darwinism. With the existence of Social Darwinism as it is, it could be noted that most of the victims of poverty around the world [particularly in America and Africa] are young children and teenage girls as well. Obviously, the main attack of poverty directly affects the lives of the young ones as they stand as the most vulnerable elements of the society during these particular events and social dilemma. To understand better, the situational elements that contribute to poverty both in America and Africa are to be identified herein. Elements of Poverty Poverty is indeed wide spread in the whole world. Because of the lack of ability of the world governments to accurately provide people with what they need due to the fast-growing population, many among the human society are set aside and pushed towards poverty. Hence, as a result, their offspring and the generation that follows their line then remain in the said economic status. There are only a few among the many who are able to succeed in running away or struggling hard to change their status in the community. (Korten, 2001, 17) As a result, those people steadied in their situation of being poor already loose hope in coping up with their needs. The fact that they are suppressed in having the things that they need because of their incapability to pay, they then develop the idea that there are no ways for them to survive from their miseries in life except for the fact that they need to live by and accept their life as it is. It might then raise curiosity among readers on â€Å"what are the real causes of poverty among people in the society? † In the diagram that follows, a summarized presentation of the said issue shall be addressed showing what is actually driving the poor sector of the society remains the way that they are. Analysis of Diagram: In the diagram presented above, it could be observed that there are three major reasons why the poor remain poor. The said reasons are as follows: †¢ Economic Imbalance This factor pertains to the fact that that world’s wealth is not evenly distributed to every person making up the population of the society. Because of the fact that there are those capitalists that aim to put up their own businesses to be able to gain more profit from their original amount of money invested on the said business entity. It is through this that they are able to gain power over the others who are struggling for survival from being poor. †¢ Population Growth It is an irony that those who are poor are the ones bearing many children, children of which they are not able to support. This is because of the idea that they believe in that their children would be the ones who would struggle for better life for them. The more children they have, the faster they would be able to recover from their misery in poverty. However, this idealism has been proven a fallacy. For a fact, as the children of the poor sector add up, the more they feel the terrifying experience of their situation. †¢ Psychological Disposition Based on psychological findings, poor people tend to ease their burden by telling themselves that they are already contented in the lifestyle that they are living in, and that they have nowhere else to go. As a result, the capitalists feed on this thought by contributing to the idea that without ample finances to support their needs, they are not going to get what they actually ought to have for a living. Basing from these three reasons, it could be observed that poor people simply tend to remain the way they are and the rich ones try to support the said situation by gaining more and not sharing what they have to those who are actually needy. As a result, people who are poor gain three major reactions to the situation. The said reactions include contentment on being poor, lack of self-trust and subjection to social discrimination; these are the things that the poor sector of the society needs to deal with everyday. Hence, America, being surrounded by capitalists and investors, has the rich and the poor sectors which are widely separated from each other. The fact that these capitalist know what to do with the money that they have, they are able to come up with ways by which they can still increase the wealth that they already posses. On the other hand, those who are poor have lesser ideas as well as courage in creating new ways to find a way of living. Certainly, the rich ones who have greater education have greater chances of creating possibilities for themselves to attain financial success in their lives. More often than not, the rich ones who are already settled in their situation are the ones who have greater chances of increasing their authority and power in the society through the use of their finances (Gelb, 1986, 22). Meanwhile, the poor one who are receiving lesser than needed are focusing on the things that they could only attain. They have lesser time spent on thinking how to increase their finances since they are already only trying to live by with what they have, and they do not have enough hopes of spending their time in planning, since they are already so consumed with their present situation. The Teenage Girls and their Reactions to Poverty There are likely three major results of poverty among young girls both in America and Africa. The said three major results are as follows: Diagram 2: The effects of Poverty on Young Teenage Girls in America and Africa Explanation: From the diagram presented herein, it could be observed that girls from both Africa and America who for some reasons are afflicted by poverty react in almost the same way to the level of being directly affected by the situation (Tanenbaum, 2000, 13). Most likely, their health and their safety becomes the most vulnerable element that needs some attention from the governing authorities who have concern over the situation (Riordan, 2004, 18). Undeniably, although the said societies are separately identified as somewhat different in terms of economic standing in the world trade, the reasons behind their poverty levels are somewhat identical that brings the results of the said situation in the society towards the teenage girl-population of the said communities somewhat common and identical as well. (Vendela, 2004, 18) Conclusion The belief behind the existence of the poor and the reasons behind the said situation is naturally noted as something that needs to be closely identified to be able to help solve the issues that bind poverty with that of human society today. The young ones, being the main target of the situation [teenage girls in particular] are facing a great challenge of remaining strong in facing the said issues of lacking the needed strength. Psychologists and other government authorities could help much in defining the different solutions that are made available for the ones affected by the afflictions brought about by poverty in both industrialized and still-developing countries such as that of Africa. References: †¢ IRIN News South Africa: Land ownership remains racially skewed May 24, 2005 †¢ IRIN News Land reform in Southern Africa July, 2003. †¢ IRIN News Zimbabwe: Land reform omits farm workers Land reform in Southern Africa July, 2003. †¢ Bowler, Peter. The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades around 1900. Baltimore, 1983. †¢ Gelb, S. A. Henry H. Goddard and the Immigrants, 1910-1917: The Studies and their Social Context, Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 22 (1986): 324-332. †¢ Rosenberg, Charles E. The Bitter Fruit: Heredity, Disease and Social Thought, Perspectives in American History 8 (1974):189-235. †¢ David C Korten. When Corporations Rule the World. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. (2001): 345-346. †¢ Founou-Tchuigoua, Bernard Food self-sufficiency: Crisis of the collective ideology African agriculture: The critical choices. United Nations University Press (1990) ISBN 0-86232-798-9 †¢ Milich, Lenard (1997) Food security in Pre-Colonial Hausaland . World Commission on Protected Areas (1995-2006) WCPA West and Central Africa Region Key Issues The World Conservation Union National Academy of Sciences Lost Crops of Africa:Grains ISBN 0-309-04990-3 publication announcement March 4, 1996 †¢ Future Harvest With time running out, scientists attempt rescue of African vegetable crops. News Feature November 29, 2001 †¢ Gouse, Marnus et al. Three seasons of subsistence insect-resistant maize in South Africa: have smallholders benefited? AgBioForum Volume 9, No. 1 (2006) †¢ Singh, B. P. (2002) Nontraditional crop production in Africa for export. p. 86–92. In: J. Janick and A. Whipkey (eds. ), Trends in new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA. †¢ Leora Tanenbaum. (2000). Slut! Growing Up Female with a Bad Reputation. Harper Paperbacks; 1 edition. †¢ Teresa Riordan. (2004). Inventing Beauty: A History of the Innovations that Have Made Us Beautiful. Broadway Publishing. †¢ Vendela Vida. (2000). Girls on the Verge: Debutante Dips, Drive-bys, and Other Initiations. St. Martins Griffin; 5th edition.

English Departmnet Essay Example for Free

English Departmnet Essay APA REFERENCING WORKSHEET STUDENT HANDOUT (1) ? APA REREFRENCE LIST FOR BOOKS, ARTICLES FROM THE INTERENET, MAGAZINE AND THE NEWSPAPER. ? BOOKS: A. A book with one author: Last name of the author, First letter of the author s name. (Year of publication). The title of the book (Should be Italicized). The place of publication. Example: Author: Martine Stephen Title of the book: English Literature: A student guide Year of publication: 2000 Place of publication: Pearson Education, London Stephen, M. (2000). English Literature: A student guide. Pearson Education, London. M ( E L A s g P E L B. A book with two authors: Last name of the first author, First letter of the first name of the author. , Last name of the second author, First letter of the first name of the author. (Year of publication). The title of the book (Should be Italicized). The place of publication. Example: Title of the book: Reason to write, strategies for success in academic writing Name of the authors: Robert F. Cohen and Judy L. Miller. 1 | P a g e ENGL1111/1222 MRS. UMAMA AL KALBANI ENGLISH DEPARTMNET IBRI COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCEs Year of publication: 2003 Place of publication: Oxford University Press, New York Cohen, R. , Miller, J. (2003). Reason to write, strategies for success in academic writing. R M J ( R t w s f s i a w Oxford University Press, New York. U P N Y C. A book with three authors. The last name of the first author, The first letter of the first name of first the author. , The last name of the second author, The first letter of the first name of second the author. , the last name of the third author, the first letter of the first name of the third author. (Year of publication). The title of the book (Should be Italicized). The place of publication. Example: Title of the book: Writing A college Workbook Name of authors: James A. W. Heffernan, John E. Lincoln and Cindy Moore. Year of publication: 2001 Place of Publication: USA ? Write the reference of the previous book using the provided information?__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ? ARTICLES FROM THE INTERENET: It is recommended that when you search for articles from the internet to select that articles that have authors and the year of that submission date of that article. Some students only write the website name of the source that t hey get from the internet in which it is not enough. You need to cite the article from the internet in the correct APA format. So in your search for articles from the internet you have to select articles that have authors and date of submission. The next possibility is to go for articles that are written by well-Â ­? known organizations such as educational, scientific, governmental or 2 | P a g e ENGL1111/1222 MRS. UMAMA AL KALBANI ENGLISH DEPARTMNET IBRI COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCEs ministerial organization. The last choice is to go for articles that are writing by anonymous (No name of authors) or that may have no submission date. A. Article from the internet with one author: The last name of the author, The first letter of the first name of the author. (Submission date). Name of the article (Italicized). Retrieved month date, year, from the website. Example: The article name: The importance of the internet for teens. The author of the article: David Thelan Submission date: 2002 Website name: htt://4teachers. org/kidspeak/theland/index. shtml Retrieved Date: 3ed October 2011 Thelan, D. (2002). The importance of the internet for teens. Retrieved October 3ed, D ( T i o t i f t R O 3 2011, from htt://4teachers. org/kidspeak/theland/index. shtml. f h B. Article with two authors: The last name of the first author, The first letter of the first name of first the author. , The last name of the second author, The first letter of the first name of second the author. (Submission date). Name of the article (Italicized). Retrieved month date, year, from the website. C. Article with three authors: The last name of the first author, The first letter of the first name of first the author. , The last name of the second author, The first letter of the first name of second the author. , the last name of the third author, the first letter of the first name of the third author. (Submission date). Name of the article (Italicized). Retrieved month date, year, from the website. 3 | P a g e ENGL1111/1222 MRS. UMAMA AL KALBANI ENGLISH DEPARTMNET IBRI COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCEs D. Article with no author and no sponsored organization: Anonymous (No author). (Submission date). Name of the article (Italicized). Retrieved month date, year, from the website. ? Write the APA reference for the following articles from the internet: Article One: Article name: Integration of students in the teaching process. Name of authors: Jorgen Erik Christensen and Kirsten Ribu Date of submission: July 23, 2006 Website name: http:// www.icee. usm. edu/icee/conference/icee2006/papers/3387. pdf Retrieved Date: 9th October 2010 Article two: Article name: Transcript of Andrew Rawsnley s interview with the Prime Minister (BBC Radio 4 s The Westminster Hour) The name of author: No author but this article is sponsored by BBC News UK Edition. Date of submission: 6th February 2005 Website name: http://news. bbc. co. uk/go/pr/fr/i/hi/programmes/the_westminster_hour/4241787. stm Retrieved Date: 25th May 2005 P a g e ENGL1111/1222 MRS. UMAMA AL KALBANI ENGLISH DEPARTMNET IBRI COLLEGE OF APPLIED SCIENCEs.

Burberry Market Position and Competitor Analysis

Burberry Market Position and Competitor Analysis Ans: Burberrys target customer is someone who wants luxury while being functional. The brands point of difference with other luxury brands is that they could be luxury, aspirational, and functional. Burberry decided they were going to reach these customers from Bravo identifying their niche between labels of Polo Ralph Lauren and Giorgio Armani on the apparel side, and between Coach and Gucci on the accessories end. The Burberry team priced the products between these price points to reach consumers. Burberry wanted to create the image of accessible luxury. The characteristics of a market are assessed through various models such as analysis of Porters five forces of competitors analysis. Here, we view Burberrys market positioning through its competitors analysis. Burberrys products include continuity products which have a product life cycle of a few years, and fashion products which are designed to respond to a fashion trend. Therefore, the market positioning of the Burberry is unique and varies as it targets trendy as well as classic customers. Burberry targets all its customers through a common theme of functional luxury. Burberrys main competitors include Coach, Armani, Gucci, and Polo, all of which are among top fashion brands in UK and globally. Coach and Gucci, both are more focused towards fashion accessories while Polo and Armani are more focused towards apparels; although all have a range of products in both apparel and accessory categories. Burberry has positioned its brand in the minds of consumers to be functional luxury. Burberry maintains a product line with great width and depth consisting of many products. Their products fall into one of two main categories: fashion or continuity. Fashion products are designed to be responsive to fashion trends and are introduced on a collection-by-collection basis. Continuity products have life cycles that are expected to last for a number of years. Burberry also has three primary collections: womens wear, menswear, and accessories. With so many different products offered in different collection and the fashion vs. continuity of Burberry products the product mix is very great. This contributes to the positioning of the Burberry brand. Burberry has received awards for the Contemporary Design Collection of the Year and the Classic Design Collection of the Year. This illustrates how diverse the Burberry brand is Therefore, the market positioning for Burberry varies. Burberry can appeal to the hip 25-year-old man or the conservative 65 year old man. However, many Burberry ads feature younger models. Recent Burberry ads have featured everything from a British landscape with aristocratic looking models to edger ads with models in bikinis. Taking all of this into account, Burberry is targeted towards many different segments of the population with one common theme, functional luxury. Burberry has many competitors that include: Coach, Polo, Armani, and Gucci. Relative to that of Burberrys competitors, they have positioned themselves very well in the minds of consumers. Coach primary positioning is on handbags. While Coach also carries other accessories that range from watches and shoes to scarves and dog collars, Coach remains primarily in the accessory end of fashion. Coach was also not even a player in the top 10 luxury goods players. However, Coach held 6% of the accessories share and in a price comparison was more on the low end of cost for accessories. This does not however reflect Coachs marketing positioning. Coach is just simply more affordable and more accessible to the general population. Polos marketing positioning is centered more towards clothing. While Polo was a number two player in the top luxury brands they captured the most market share for apparel, however, lower priced than Burberry. The Polo brand has great brand equity and is very well established in the minds of consumers. Armani, another competitor or Burberry, placed 8th in the top 10 global luxury goods. While Armani really only focuses on apparel the brand still maintains a strong luxury position in the market. Gucci also placed in the top 10 global luxury goods. Guccis marketing position is towards luxury accessories. They captured 12% of the accessory market share and were the highest priced brand for accessories. Overall, Burberrys competitive positioning is suitable over the long term. While brand like Coach and Gucci focus more on accessories and Armani and Polo focus more on the apparel market, Burberry has succeeded in penetrating both the accessory and apparel market while remaining a luxury good. Burberry has also succeeded is positing itself between brands such as Polo Ralph Lauren and Armani in apparel, and between Coach and Gucci in accessories. Burberry also has many different lines within the Burberry brand. This allows for more high-end goods and goods that would be feasible for purchase by the general population. Burberrys positioning of functional luxury is extremely competitive and will sustain over the long-term. Q2. Is Burberrys competitive position sustainable over a long term? Why? Ans: Burberry, initially Burberrys was popular amongst the British Royalty during the 1900s for its original designs and uncompromising quality. Thereby, the brand increasingly became a symbol of both luxury and durability. However, during the mid-90s, the company started facing several strategic and structural issues. In spite being a profitable business the earning quality was low. The brand came to be perceived as stodgy-looking and conservative, and skewed to a older customer-base. However, reinvention of the brand took place when Rose Marie Bravo came on board as the chief executive, with the basic motive to transform Burberry from a tired outwear manufacturer into a luxury lifestyle brand that was inspirational, stylish and innovative. The following measures were taken: Recruiting people, who were experienced and skilled in the field, thereby made a A-list industry talent team. Changing the name from Burberrys to Burberry and a contemporary logo and packaging was introduced. Repositioning the brand between cutting-edge fashion and classics. Burberry was positioned as a aspirational as well as functional brand and represented accessible luxury. The product line was upgraded and Burberry came up with three primary segments: Womens wear, Mens wear and accessories. Burberry expanded its portfolio in two segment: low priced labels including Thomas Burberry (in Spain and Portugal) and Burberry Blue and Black labels (in Japan) mainly to appeal younger, more fashion conscious customers and the high-end label Burberry Prorsum to position itself in high-profile luxury market. Advertisement campaign including Stella tenant, featuring a British aristocrat and model Kate Moss featuring the modern, fashion-oriented side. The check prints were an integral part of Burberry design pattern, and accounted almost 25 percent of companys revenue from check products. It also launched Burberry Brit, a new perfume line featuring a check design bottle. Thereby, Burberry positioned itself as a brand between lifestyle and fashion brand. Thus Bravos team brought Burberry from a broken position to a popularity stage. Thus, Burberry holds a competitive edge and positioning in the market. This competitive position for Burberry is sustainable over the long term due to several reasons. Not only due to its particular price points, but Burberrys intensive consumer surveying is also important. Burberry has consistently focused on remaining true to their core brand values and heritage to the Burberry brand. Burberrys market share in 2001 as rated against the top 100 luxury goods players was 5.2%, putting them in 4th place overall. This compares with 14.4% market share for LVMH (1st), 9.1% for Polo Ralph Lauren (2nd), and 4.4% for the Gucci Group (5th). Armani falls short with a smaller percentage (3.5%) of the market. Coach is far below these and does not appear on the top 10. If you compare by the type of luxury good; in accessories: Gucci is at 12%, Coach at 6%, Polo at 4%, and Burberry at 4%. And for apparel considerations: Polo is at 9%, Burberry at 3%, Armani at 2%, and Gucci at 1%. It is clear here that these distinctions occur based on the depth and width of each companys product line. Coach sells far more accessories (i.e. leather goods) than clothing, and Polo sells far more clothing than accessories. Burberry is almost balanced, and sells an equal amount of both, on their 2003 annual report Burberry shows almost even income from womens wear (33.3%), menswear (27.4%), and accessories (28.6%). For this reason, Burberrys competitive position is sustainable, as they have a decent demand for both accessories and apparel. Q3. Bravos team is currently carrying out several initiatives including multiple collections, multiple channels and multiple licenses. What is the role of each of these initiatives in Burberrys overall business model? Ans: Multiple Brands Burberry created multiple brands (Prorsum, London, Blue and Black, Thomas Burberry) to attract certain kind of customers whom they were not targeting initially and to cater certain characteristics of certain customers. This idea supports Bravos goal to attain new customers along with retaining old customers For example, Burberry London was offered as a lower-priced label designed to appeal to a younger, more fashion-conscious customer. Blue and Black is sold in Japan, for younger individuals, and is a foreign product that diversifies the product risk. Burberrys Prorsum product line was introduced to secure their positioning in the niche and luxury market. It shows consumers that Burberry competes with the latest fashions, and represents the highest end of luxury items. Prorsum was used to show the Burberry brand as luxurious and according to Bravo, the Prorsum introduction was created to tell people that something new was happening at Burberry. The idea was to introduce a high-profil e, high-end brand, and do it in a first-class way, by putting it in the best stores in the world. The intended role for Burberrys collections (Womens wear, Menswear Accessories) was due to extensive consumer research to also help recruit a newer consumer. The only way to do this was to update the product line to fit the fashion-desires of current and potential customers, and a way for Burberry to give a consistent look and feel across an array of products. Not only did they maintain creating products that were expected to have a lifespan of a number of years, but they also created other fashion-oriented productsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦designed to be responsive to fashion trends, thus maintaining their flow with fashion evolutions. Burberrys continuity products (classic trench, duffle coats, handbags and scarves) have longer life cycles than that of its fashion oriented products. Care must be taken in analyzing product life cycles. In terms of womens wear, menswear, and accessories, each col lection allows Burberry to compete with its major competition. A collection of accessories allows Burberry to adequately compete with larger accessory players such as Gucci and Coach. Multiple Channels Mass exposure was allowed to customers in wholesale and retails. The company had taken more control over its distribution by purchasing some distributors and severing ties with others. It had 3162 wholesale stores, 434 department stores, and 2728 specialty stores. Multiple Licensees Throughout the 1970s, when Burberry was owned by GUS, the Burberry brand became licensed on too broad of an array to maintain the true image and values of Burberry. With this came overall turmoil when the pricing, designing, and quality of Burberry products became skewed across numerous markets which then resulted in the brand having losing much of its exclusivity and the Far East [accounting] for a disproportionate 75% of sales. Due to this fact, Bravo determined and executed a plan where Burberry would now exercise control over everything from design to sourcing, manufacturing, and distribution. Ultimately, devising this licensing strategy allowed for the elimination of price, design and quality inconsistencies. Multiple licensees allows Burberry to introduce products in markets their competition has better hold of, and still share in some of the profit. These new collections and brands serve to further Burberrys new strategy and to mitigate risk of alienating core customers. Q4. Has Bravos team managed to elevate the overall status of the Burberry brand? Ans: Bravos team has managed to elevate the overall status of the Burberry brand through a complete transformation of the brand from being a classic aristocratic brand to a complete fashion oriented though being well-verse and sticking to its core brand values providing the customers both luxury and durability, for which it is known. The product was positioned as an affordable luxury brand catering customers of all age groups and from different fronts of life. The team rigorously worked to completely overhaul the pricing, distribution, product, and promotion. Multiple product lines and brands were created and the company moved in a global direction. Burberry also saw that by 2002, gross margins were now 56% compared with 47% in 2000. Multiple brands like Burberry Prorsum, Thomas Burberry, Burberry Blue and Black labels were launched to cater every segment in the market place. In terms of distribution, by 2002 Bravo and her team had managed to create world-wide distribution of the Burberry product. According to the study, they had 3,162 wholesale doors worldwide, including 434 department stores and 2,728 specialty stores, and also more than 132 company-owned stores. Lastly, Bravos team challenged themselves in finally devising a plan to promote the Burberry image. With the help of a famed advertising team, the Burberry campaign executed. The first flight launched in 1998 and featured Stella Tenant, a British Aristocrat and ultimately told a story that was able to convey the brand values, tradition, and heritage of the Burberry brand. The following winter, in 1999, the team was able to maintain the value image of Burberry, but also introduced model Kate Moss into their ads to simultaneously convey Burberrys more modern, fashion-oriented side. Ultimately, each challenge remained focused on Bravos original goal to make Burberry a global brand, while maintaining the core values and heritage of Burberry. Thereby, Bravo and her team brought Burberry at a status of most preferred, durable, luxury and also fashion oriented and accessible brand for all age category customers, thereby redefining an elevated status of Burberry.

Macbeth: Characteristics Of Macbeth That Led To His Downfall :: essays research papers

Macbeth: Characteristics of Macbeth That Led to His Downfall Rickford Foo Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow...† Sometimes tomorrow never comes and as for Macbeth, tomorrow meant another day of inner torment and guilt. This victorious Thane literally got the better of himself as soon as he started to believe in the witches. After the prophesies, Macbeth's popularity seems to take a turn for the worst as well as his mental state. Even though the witches did tempt him with the idea of becoming king, and Lady Macbeth helped him with his natural hesitation of committing murder, Macbeth chose the crown over is honor. Moreover, I believe that Macbeth caused his own downfall. There were people like the witches and his wife who influenced him, but it was his choice to choose over salvation of the next world and material gain of this one. Ambition is always good...to an extent. An overambitious person, Macbeth is too intrigued by the witches' prediction that he ignores all of the years of loyalty and ethics to his king for his own selfishness. And in the end, apparently, Macbeth's ambition is stronger than his conscience. In addition, Macbeth's ambition caused him to do desperate things. Desperation. in my opinion, dug Macbeth's own grave. When the subject of Macduff arrives, I don't think that he would have been so bitter towards Macbeth if he hadn't killed his wife and children. Killing Macduff's family gains nothing for Macbeth and tries to get at Macduff indirectly. This act of desperation and spitefulness gives a good reason to now fear Macduff. Also, as Macbeth took the throne, he really didn't trust anyone except his wife, Lady Macbeth. Paranoid, due to King Duncan's murder, Macbeth let's his delusional state of mind get to him. Therefore, from his original guilt of murder causes Macbeth to become paranoid and kill some more. Killing Macduff's family was definitely an act of desperation. He also plants spies showing again how paranoid and desperate he was seeing his enemies, real or imagined, everywhere. Lastly, I thought that Macbeth showed some very important traits that we should all learn from. Macbeth: Characteristics Of Macbeth That Led To His Downfall :: essays research papers Macbeth: Characteristics of Macbeth That Led to His Downfall Rickford Foo Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow...† Sometimes tomorrow never comes and as for Macbeth, tomorrow meant another day of inner torment and guilt. This victorious Thane literally got the better of himself as soon as he started to believe in the witches. After the prophesies, Macbeth's popularity seems to take a turn for the worst as well as his mental state. Even though the witches did tempt him with the idea of becoming king, and Lady Macbeth helped him with his natural hesitation of committing murder, Macbeth chose the crown over is honor. Moreover, I believe that Macbeth caused his own downfall. There were people like the witches and his wife who influenced him, but it was his choice to choose over salvation of the next world and material gain of this one. Ambition is always good...to an extent. An overambitious person, Macbeth is too intrigued by the witches' prediction that he ignores all of the years of loyalty and ethics to his king for his own selfishness. And in the end, apparently, Macbeth's ambition is stronger than his conscience. In addition, Macbeth's ambition caused him to do desperate things. Desperation. in my opinion, dug Macbeth's own grave. When the subject of Macduff arrives, I don't think that he would have been so bitter towards Macbeth if he hadn't killed his wife and children. Killing Macduff's family gains nothing for Macbeth and tries to get at Macduff indirectly. This act of desperation and spitefulness gives a good reason to now fear Macduff. Also, as Macbeth took the throne, he really didn't trust anyone except his wife, Lady Macbeth. Paranoid, due to King Duncan's murder, Macbeth let's his delusional state of mind get to him. Therefore, from his original guilt of murder causes Macbeth to become paranoid and kill some more. Killing Macduff's family was definitely an act of desperation. He also plants spies showing again how paranoid and desperate he was seeing his enemies, real or imagined, everywhere. Lastly, I thought that Macbeth showed some very important traits that we should all learn from.

Motherly Figures in The Secret Life of Bees :: essays research papers

Lily has a lot of mother figures in her life. In ?The Secret Life of Bees? two mother figures that she has are Rosaleen and August. A mother cares for her young and guides them trough life. She comforts and soothes them when they need it. Lily?s Mothers are Rosaleen and August. Both act as mothers for Lily in different ways. Rosaleen is the disciplinary figure in Lily?s life. She is tough and sometimes mean but really she loves Lily. Lily knew that ?despite her sharp ways, her heart was more tender than a flower skin and she loved her beyond reason?. Rosaleen also shows her love for Lily when she avoids telling Lily that her mother left her. She knew this would break Lily?s heart. Another motherly figure in Lily?s life is August. She encourages Lily to open her heart and reveal the truth to them. August is very patient and would make a great mother. Even though she knew that Lily was lying to her, she gave Lily a chance to settle down. In doing this she was wise. If she had confronted Lily, Lily probably would have left the house. Unlike June even though Lily was white she still treated her regularly. August was more of a friend to Lily. They shared many interests. One of these interests was to mix cola with peanuts. Another interest that they shared was that they loved beekeeping. Rosaleen did not have as much in common as Lily did. She was more of a caretaker to Lily than a friend. When they lived with T. Ray she would cook dinner and dress Lily up. Even though Lily does not have much in common with her she still loves her. August was correct when she said that Lily must be her own mother. Lily will not always have someone to care for her. If this happens she must learn to care for herself. Lily was also relying too much on the statue of Mary. When the statue of Mary was chained up Lily could not go to her for help. Motherly Figures in The Secret Life of Bees :: essays research papers Lily has a lot of mother figures in her life. In ?The Secret Life of Bees? two mother figures that she has are Rosaleen and August. A mother cares for her young and guides them trough life. She comforts and soothes them when they need it. Lily?s Mothers are Rosaleen and August. Both act as mothers for Lily in different ways. Rosaleen is the disciplinary figure in Lily?s life. She is tough and sometimes mean but really she loves Lily. Lily knew that ?despite her sharp ways, her heart was more tender than a flower skin and she loved her beyond reason?. Rosaleen also shows her love for Lily when she avoids telling Lily that her mother left her. She knew this would break Lily?s heart. Another motherly figure in Lily?s life is August. She encourages Lily to open her heart and reveal the truth to them. August is very patient and would make a great mother. Even though she knew that Lily was lying to her, she gave Lily a chance to settle down. In doing this she was wise. If she had confronted Lily, Lily probably would have left the house. Unlike June even though Lily was white she still treated her regularly. August was more of a friend to Lily. They shared many interests. One of these interests was to mix cola with peanuts. Another interest that they shared was that they loved beekeeping. Rosaleen did not have as much in common as Lily did. She was more of a caretaker to Lily than a friend. When they lived with T. Ray she would cook dinner and dress Lily up. Even though Lily does not have much in common with her she still loves her. August was correct when she said that Lily must be her own mother. Lily will not always have someone to care for her. If this happens she must learn to care for herself. Lily was also relying too much on the statue of Mary. When the statue of Mary was chained up Lily could not go to her for help.

Women in Ancient Times: from Matriarchy to Patriarchy Essay examples --

Women in Ancient Times: from Matriarchy to Patriarchy In addition to age, gender is one of the universal dimensions on which status differences are based. Unlike sex, which is a biological concept, gender is a social construct specifying the socially and culturally prescribed roles that men and women are to follow. Women have always had lower status than men, but the extent of the gap between the sexes varies across cultures and time. Images of women, mostly figurines of the same type as the "Venus" of Willendorf*, Lespugue** and Laussel*** (old statuettes representing obese women, women whose wombs and hips are extremely exaggerated) all dating to the Paleolithic period, far outnumber images of men. This has lead to speculation about the place of women in Stone Age society. Some have argued that these female figures denote the existence during this period of a prominent female deity identified usually as the Earth Mother or the Mother Goddess. On the basis of this assumption, it has been suggested that, unlike today, women played a considerably more important, if not dominant, role in Paleolithic society; that possibly a matriarchy existed and women ruled. That means men haven’t always been the leaders; it’s not an inborn quality (as a lot of them suggest)! Johann Bachofen was a 19th Century Swiss archaeologist and classicist who was among the first to recognize the presence of an early matriarchal stage in proto-European cultural evolution. Bachofen used Greek myth to support his arguments. He felt that there were three cultural stages that the early European culture went through. In his view the first stage was a barbaric or hetairistic stage (from the Greek word hetero meaning both) where both or actually neither sex was really in control for there was no control. The strong took advantage of the weak, and there was wide-spread "wanton" sexual activity, uncontrolled by values or morals. Bachofen thought that Aphrodite, Goddess of Love, was the chief deity of this time. The second stage was the matriarchal stage, where women banded together for their own defense. Strong Greek hunter/warrior goddesses such as Artemis and Athena were thought by Bachofen to have come from ancient fragments of memory stemming from this time, as well as the mythic Amazons and Furies. This middle stage saw the development of agriculture, and the rise of... ...e largely unobserved: it was a new kind of union composed of husband and wife, distinctly different form the former clan union of sisters and brothers. The two were in fundamental antagonism to each other. Thus, although marriage was introduced by the mothers within the framework of the maternal clan structure, in the end marriage would undermine the matriarchy.† Therefore womankind gave up its most powerful weapon in maintaining its dominance in a world of â€Å"fatherless† children and brought about itself the torments of patriarchy, by instutionalizing marriage. Unfortunately, unlike the matriarchy, patriarchy has lasted to our present day. Of course there has been major progress since the days of the Roman Empire, now it is illegal to consider women lower then men in any sense (at least in some countries), yet most of us still see the world through the patriarchal curtain that covers our eyes. Bibliography: â€Å"Women out of history: a herstory anthology† by Ann Forfreedom â€Å"The Underside of history† by Elise Boulding â€Å"Woman’s evolution from matriarchal clan to patriarchal family† by Evelyn Reed â€Å"When God Was a Woman† by Merlin Stone http://www.yahoo.com http://www.google.com

Leadership in Ford

Influence of organizational contexts on leadership in Ford in the US and Europe. Introduction Nowadays organizational context is very important, because leaders have to make decisions relying on big amounts of information, which changes every day. Moreover depending on various situations leadership theories work different, it makes hard to predict the consequences of decisions relying only on theory. Depending on organizational context different leadership style can be used.Throughout the history of Ford, company distinguished itself by iron control of Henry Ford the first and the second. Their â€Å"great man† approach brought success to Ford, but eventually this approach became ineffective due to globalization and changing environment. This resulted in the need for followers of Henry Ford the second to introduce the big change for company, change in leadership approach and organizational culture. In addition Ford opened branches almost all over the world, so new approaches, vision and leadership is needed.This essay will cover questions about different styles of leadership in Ford in the US and Europe, key contextual issues that impact on strategic leadership in Ford and will consider main contextual challenges for Ford leaders. Depending on the context effective leader must be able to adopt his style to the demands and changing environment (Northouse, 2010). Question one The contextual issues significantly impact on strategic leadership. Two main contextual issues that impact on strategic leadership in Ford organizational culture and national culture.Organisational culture is a set of moral precepts, values, norms of behaviour in particular company accepted by members (Besanko et al, 2010). National culture is a set of values, rules, customs, traditions shared by people speaking the same language and having similar mindsets and moral principles (Northouse, 2010). Globalization has created many challenges for organizations including effective selection of leaders, adaptation to many cultures, creation of different approaches to nationally various employees (Northouse, 2010).It became necessary for top managers to take into consideration peculiarities, mentality, values and characteristics of different cultures to develop business abroad, because many problems in relationships between people can occur due to variations in norms, habits and values (Needle, 2004). Ford was not an exception and needed to turn the company around. As a company that was operating not only in US, but also in Europe and still doing it, Ford had to create unique strategy and organizational culture for both areas, which differ from each other.To build a successful strategy it is necessary to know national features of countries where organization is going to operate. According to GLOBE researchers who identified 10 clusters of countries (depending on cultural data), US were set into Anglo cluster and Europe was divided into four clusters: Eastern Europe, Lat in Europe, Germanic Europe and Nordic Europe (House, et al, 2004). These clusters have their own characteristics affecting leadership in particular areas, so demands for leaders in these clusters are different. Two describe how different cultures view leadership behaviors in others GLOBE researchers identified six global leadership behaviors†(House & Javidan, 2004 in Northouse, 2010, p. 348). First is charismatic/value-based leadership that includes being decisive, self-denying and performance oriented, being a motivator and inspirer (Northouse, 2010). Second is team-oriented leadership that includes team building, establishing common goals and such characteristics as diplomacy, collaboration (Northhouse, 2010). Third is participative leadership that means degree to which leader involves employees in decision-making ( Northouse, 2010).Next is â€Å"humane-oriented leadership that emphasizes being supportive, considerate, compassionate, and generous (Northouse, 2010, p. 348). Last is self-protective management that puts on top leaders who are face saving, conflict, aware of their status (Northouse, 2010). In that way Anglo countries including US want leaders to be charismatic, humane-oriented, extremely motivating and visionary, democratic, moreover leaders have to focus on team and to be independent (Northouse, 2010). For this reason Don Petersen and Harold `Red’ Poling with their mindsets perfectly corresponded this requirements.Europe, divided into 4 clusters has its own characteristics, but they are more complex due to peculiarities of clusters. Ideally it is better to have a particular approach for each cluster, nevertheless there are some common requirements for leaders in Europe such as charismatic and value-based person (Norhouse, 2010). As Ford has its offices and plants in Germany, England, Romania, Russia, Belgium, Spain, France and Turkey, it is necessary to consider Latin Europe cluster, Eastern Europe cluster and Germanic Europe clus ter. There are three branches in Germanic cluster: two in Germany and one in Belgium.For this cluster ideal leader is expected to be charismatic, inspirational and autonomous, to have participative style, to focus on team (Northouse, 2010). Two branches are located in Latin Europe Cluster: one in Spain and one in France. In this cluster leader has to be team oriented as well, has to be participative and self-oriented (Northouse, 2010). Two more branches operate in Russia and Romania. For the Eastern European countries it is necessary for leader to have self-protective leadership style, to be team-oriented, to make decisions independently (Nothouse, 2010).All this factors and characteristics of clusters make it very complex to find perfect leadership style, nevertheless there are some points of contact between these clusters. Moreover GLOBE identified 22 leadership attributes that are universally desirable (House, et al, 2004, p. 39). As a result leader is a person who is honest, cha rismatic, value-based and team-oriented (Dorfman et al. , 2004, in Northouse, 2010). In addition Hofstede (2010, in Needle, 2004) identified 5 characteristics on which countries differ from each other. Power distance is the extent to which members of society accept that power is distributed unequally† (Needle, 2004, p. 148). It was found that in France for example power distance is large, on the contrary Germany and the USA, where power distance is small. Individualistic societies are the US and the UK, but Germany and France have also high rate of individualism (Needle, 2004). It means that these countries prefer more to look â€Å"after yourself or your immediate family group† (Needle, 2004, p. 149). â€Å"Uncertainty avoidance is the extent to which members of society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty† (Needle, 2004, p. 49). According to Hofstede (1994, in Needle, 2004) France and Germany tend to be more anxious about the future than UK and US. Masculine soc ieties like USA, UK and Germany used to prefer material success and achievement, while France is more anxious about quality of life and equality between sexes (Needle, 2004). Long-term orientation is not common neither in Germany, or US and UK, so these countries more used to short-term strategies (Needle, 2004). Taking all this facts into consideration becomes clear it is not easy to find appropriate leader for multinational companies like Ford.Leadership style has to be very adaptable and leader has to be competent and skilful. Organizational cultures in Europe and US were different and impacted leadership style in particular way. In US reorganized organizational culture, which was based on employee involvement and participative management demanded leadership style, based on participation, team-orientation, humane-orientation, such qualities as visionary, motivation and inspiration were necessary for leader. In Europe organizational culture has to be perfectly balanced due to the difference in national cultures.In that way organizational culture context in Ford in Europe is closely linked with national culture context and it is very complex mission for leaders to create strong organizational culture in Europe. It is not good for company, if its organizational culture is weak, because it â€Å"sets the scene for the determination of strategy and hence the operational aspects of organizational life† (Needle, 2004, p. 238). Question two There were different contextual challenges for leaders in Ford in Europe and US as a result they managed with them in a different way.One of the most important challenges for leaders in Ford in the US and Europe was getting power in company and control over staff. Power in terms of leadership means â€Å"capacity or potential to influence† (Northouse, 2010, p. 8). They all had position power and it was necessary for them to strengthen their positions in company by getting more power. Petersen with his leadership st yle engaged people feelings, introduced participative management and managed to strengthen his position in company by this approach.This approach perfectly corresponded to main values of Ford, because Petersen obtained ideas and opinions of employees, integrated their suggestions into top decision-making (Northouse, 2010). As a result he got not only position power, but also a personal power. It made possible to influence followers as they saw him as knowledgeable and likable (Northouse, 2010). Moreover it helped him to bring control over employees, who were happy, because they could participate in top-decision making.From that moment he knew the ideas of his followers, and he was using them in the interests of Ford. While Don Petersen was using participative leadership and reshaping goals of employees through mission of Ford, Harold `Red’ Poling was controlling final goal setting. Petersen and Poling managed to brought to Ford’s top team an intuitive and feeling appro ach to decision-making, something which is rarely found at that level (Starkey, 1996, p. 379), because participative leadership and management helps employees learn what leads to what (House & Mitchell, 1974, p. 92, in Northouse, 2010).As Peterson and Poling received more power and control over their followers, there was no need to find new cadres, this resulted in formation of strong team, which was easy to lead. Billy Hayden, Europe’s Vice President of Manufacturing was in other situation. He had to get used to peculiarities of leading in Europe and to adopt his own leadership style. Moreover the situation was more complex than in the US due to high standards of the main rival Toyota. Billy Haeden was going to change behavioural patterns and mindsets in Ford in Europe, but nothing really changed.It caused many problems afterwards. As a result there was no strong team with an intuitive and feeling approach to decision-making which was needed even more than in the US, his lea dership style was backward looking, so the whole organization was not able to compete with Toyota. The only power he had was legitimate power, and without balance like in case with Harold `Red’ Poling and Don Petersen, he was using it in a wrong way. Billy Hayden did not managed to create strong team, because he has given a steady turnover of top cadres and nobody could be a counterbalance for him.Eventually the change in organization, which brought success to Ford in the US, was introduced in Europe, but it was too late. Moreover values, mindsets, norms, patterns that were introduced in the US should be adapted to Europe and leadership style of Billy Hayden did not match these approach. Conclusion Organizational context became very important to every leader, manager and company on the whole. Without taking into consideration organizational context it is very hard and risky for any leader to make important decisions and lead company to success.Organizational contexts influenc e on leadership style, and depending on different peculiarities of context, appropriate leadership style can be chosen. Due to globalization culture context has great impact on leadership style, it became necessary for leader to know main features of mentality of nation in country, where he operates. Ford as a company, which has its branches almost all over the world, faced challenges and it was crucial to find a leader with appropriate leadership style. Don Petersen and Harold `Red’ Poling with their tandem led Ford US to success mostly due to perfect balance of power and participative management.Their style perfectly matched need of Ford in visionary leadership with necessary control. Petersen and Poling also showed the importance of power context. They managed to use not only position power, but personal power as well. Billy Hayden was in different situation, he did not managed to get personal power, and as a result he did not create a strong team, he did not adopt to the national cultures and his leadership style was not able to bring success. These situation emphases on the importance of cultural context, if company operates worldwide.Reference list Besanko, D. , Dranove, D. , Shanley, M. , Schaefer, S. , (2010). Economics of strategy, John Wiley & Sons House, R. J. , Hanges, P. J. , Javidan, M. , Dorfman, P. W. , Gupta, V. , & Associates (Eds. ). (2004). Culture, leadeeship, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Needle, D. , (2004). Business in context, an introduction to business and its environment, Thomson Learning, London. Northouse, P. G. , (2010) Leadership: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Quran and Science Essay

Islam and perception describes the affinity amid Islamic communities and erudition in general. From an Islamic standpoint, acquirement, the study of spirit, is considered to be joined to the concept of Tawhid (the wizardness of deity), as ar all other branches of fellowship.1 In Islam, genius is non waitn as a identify entity, scarcely rather as an implicit in(p) part of Islams holistic aspect on perfection, hu adult maleity, and the ball.This link implies a consecrated aspect to the pursuit of scientific companionship by Moslems, as nature itself is viewed in the Quran as a compilation of signs pointing to the Divine.2 It was with this reason that the pursuit of skill was tolerated in Islamic civilizations, specifically during the eighth to sixteenth centuries, former to the colonization of the Moslem public.3According to hypothetic physicist Jim Al-Khalili, the sophisticated scientific method was pi geniusered by Moslem scientist Ibn Al-Haytham ( kn avouch to the west as Alhazen) whose contri besidesions are handlened to those of Isaac Newton.4 Alhazen helped qualify the emphasis on abstr ph unmatchable number theorizing onto magisterial and repeatable experimentation, followed by careful admonition of premises and inferences.5 Robert Briffault, in The Making of Humanity, asserts that the very existence of science, as it is downstairsstood in the advanced sense, is rooted in the scientific horizon and acquaintance that emerged in Muslim civilizations during this time.6Muslim scientists and scholars have subsequently genuine a spectrum of viewpoints on the place of scientific education in spite of appearance the consideration of Islam, n mavin of which are universally accepted.7 However, more or less concord the view that the acquisition of knowledge and scientific pursuit in general is not in disaccord with Muslim thought and phantasmal judgement.17 Physicist Taner Edis argues this is beca substance ab soc ial function most Muslims are variant into the metaphorical language of the Holy books what is not thither, including recent scientific discoveries.8 OverviewThe religion Islam has its own gentlemans gentlemanview clay including beliefs about ultimate reality, epistemology, ontology, ethics, purpose, and so on9 Muslims regard that the Quran is the final revelation of God for the guidance ofhumankind. learning is the pursuit of knowledge and understanding of the born(p) and social universe of discourse following a systematic methodology based on grounds.10 It is a system of acquiring knowledge based on empiricism, experimentation, and methodological innate(p)ism, as well as to the organized body of knowledge military man have gained by such(prenominal) query. Scientists take for that scientific investigation must draw together to the scientific method, a process for evaluating observational knowledge that explains observable events in nature as results of natural caus es, rejecting supernatural theorys. Islam, comparable all religions, believes in the supernatural that is comingable or interacts with Man in this life.One of the most important features of Science is the comminuted quantitative prediction. In this aspect it differs from some(prenominal) spectral texts where physical phenomena are visualised in a very qualitative demeanor, often by the use of spoken communication carrying several(prenominal) meanings. HistoryClassical Islamic scienceScience in chivalrous Islam, Islamic cosmology, Astronomy in gallant Islam, Mathematics in medieval Islam, natural philosophy in medieval Islam, and Medicine in medieval IslamIn the history of science, Islamic science refers to the science developed under Islamic civilization between the eighth and 16th centuries,11 during what is known as the Islamic Golden Age.It is excessively known as Arabic science since the majority of texts during this check were written in Arabic, the lingua franca of Islamic civilization. Despite these terminuss, not all scientists during this expiration were Muslim or Arab, as there were a number of notable non-Arab scientists (most notably Persians), as well as some non-Muslim scientists, who contributed to scientific studies in the Islamic universe of discoursely concern.A number of ripe scholars such as Fielding H. Garrison,13 Abdus Salam and Hossein Nasr consider moderne science and the scientific method to have been greatly shake by Muslim scientists who introduced a modernempirical, experimental and quantitative approach to scientific inquiry. many scholars, notably Donald Routledge Hill, Ahmad Y Hassan,14 Abdus Salam,15 and George Saliba,16 have referred to their achievements as a Muslim scientific revolution,17 though this does not nullify the traditional view of the Scientific transformation which is still sponsored by most scholars.181920It is believed that it was the empirical attitude of the Quran and Sunnah which insp ired medieval Muslim scientists, in ill-tempered Alhazen (965-1037),2122 to develop the scientific method.232425 It is also known that certain advances made by medieval Muslim astronomers, geographers and mathematicians was actuate by problems presented in Islamic volume, such as Al-Khwarizmis (c. 780-850) festering of algebra in ordination to solve the Islamic inheritance laws,26 and phylogenys in astronomy, geography, spherical geometry and spherical trigonometry in order to determine the coverion of the Qibla, the quantify of Salah prayers, and the dates of the Islamic calendar.27The increased use of dissection in Islamic medicinal drug during the twelfth and 13th centuries was influenced by the writings of the Islamic theologian, Al-Ghazali, who encouraged the study of anatomy and use of dissections as a method of gaining knowledge of Gods mental institution.28 In al-Bukharis and Muslims collection of sahih hadith it is saidThere is no indisposition that Allah has c reated, except that He also has created its treatment. (Bukhari 7-71582). This culminated in the work of Ibn al-Nafis (12131288), who discovered the pulmonary circulation in 1242 and used his discovery as differentiate for the orthodox Islamic doctrine of bodily resurrection.29 Ibn al-Nafis also used Islamic scripture as justification for his rejection of wine as self-medication.30 Criticisms against alchemy and astrology were also motivated by religion, as orthodox Islamic theologians viewed the beliefs of alchemists and astrologers as being superstitious.31Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (11491209), in dealing with his conception of physics and the physical world in his Matalib, discusses Islamic cosmology, criticizes the Aristotelian purpose of the Earths centrality within theuniverse, and explores the notion of the existence of a multiverse in the context of his commentary, based on the Quranic verse, All panegyric belongs to God, Lord of the Worlds.He raises the misgiving of whethe r the term worlds in this verse refers to multiple worlds within this single universe or cosmos, or to many other universes or a multiverse beyond this known universe. On the cornerst wholeness of this verse, he argues that God has created more than a thousand thousand worlds (alfa alfi awalim) beyond this world such that each one of those worlds be bigger and more massive than this world as well as having the wish well of what this world has.32 Ali Kuus (14031474) support for the Earths rotation and his rejection of Aristotelian cosmology (which advocates a stationary Earth) was motivated by religious opposite to Aristotle by orthodox Islamic theologians, such as Al-Ghazali.3334According to many historians, science in Islamic civilization flourished during the Middle Ages, but began declining at some time almost the 14th35 to 16th11 centuries. At least some scholars condemn this on the rise of a clerical faction which froze this same science and withered its progress.36 Examp les of conflicts with prevailing interpretations of Islam and science or at least the fruits of science there later on embarrass the demolition of Taqi al-Dins great Istanbul scout of Taqi al-Din in Galata, comparable in its practiced equipment and its specialist personnel with that of his celebrated contemporary, the danish pastry astronomer Tycho Brahe.But dapple Brahes observatory opened the way to a vast new development of galactic science, Taqi al-Dins was demolished by a squad of Janissaries, by order of the sultan, on the recommendation of the Chief Mufti, sometime after 1577 AD.3637Arrival of modern science in Islamic worldAt the antecedent of the nineteenth century, modern science arrived in the Muslim world but it wasnt the science itself that affected Muslim scholars. Rather, it was the carry-forward of various philosophical currents entangled with science that had a profound effect on the minds of Muslim scientists and intellectuals. Schools like Positivism and Darwinism penetrated the Muslim world and dominated its academic circles and had a noticeable impacton some Islamic theological doctrines. There were diverse responses to this among the Muslim scholars38 These reactions, in words of prof Mehdi Golshani, were the following 1. Some rejected modern science as corrupt remote thought, considering it incompatible with Islamic teachings, and in their view, the merely when exempt for the stagnancy of Islamic societies would be the strict following of Islamic teachings.38 2. new(prenominal) thinkers in the Muslim world dictum science as the only first of real enlightenment and advocated the complete word sense of modern science. In their view, the only remedy for the stagnation of Muslim societies would be the hyponymy of modern science and the replacement of the religious worldview by the scientific worldview. 3. The majority of near Muslim scientists move to adapt Islam to the findings of modern science they freighter be catego rized in the following subgroups (a) Some Muslim thinkers attempted to justify modern science on religious grounds.Their motivation was to encourage Muslim societies to acquire modern knowledge and to safeguard their societies from the criticism of Orientalists and Muslim intellectuals. (b) Others tried to show that all important scientific discoveries had been predicted in the Quran and Islamic tradition and appealed to modern science to explain various aspects of faith. (c) to date other scholars advocated a re-interpretation of Islam. In their view, one must try to construct a new theology that can wee a viable relation between Islam and modern science.The Indian scholar, Sayyid Ahmad Khan, sought a theology of nature with which one could re-interpret the basic principles of Islam in the light of modern science. (d) Then there were some Muslim scholars who believed that empirical science had reached the same conclusions that prophets had been advocating several thousand years ago. The revelation had only the privilege of prophecy. 4. Finally, some Muslim philosophers isolated the findings of modern science from its philosophical attachments.Thus, while they praised the attempts of Western scientists for the discovery of the secrets of nature, they warned against various empiricist and mercenary(a) interpretations of scientific findings. Scientific knowledge can reveal certain aspects of the physical world, but it should not be identified with the of import and omega of knowledge. Rather, it has to be integrated into a metaphysical frameworkconsistent with theMuslim worldviewin which higher levels of knowledge are recognized and the role of science in bringing us closer to God is fulfilled.9 Compatibility of Islam and the development of scienceWhether Islamic finale has promoted or hindered scientific packaging is disputed. Islamists such as Sayyid Qutb argue that since Islam appointed Muslims as representatives of God and made them responsible for l earning all the sciences,39 science cannot but succeed in a society of authoritative Muslims. Many classical and modern sources entertain that the Quran condones, even encourages the acquisition of science and scientific knowledge, and urges humans to reflect on the natural phenomena as signs of Gods instauration. Some scientific instruments produced in classical multiplication in the Islamic world were carve with Quranic citations.Many Muslims agree that doing science is an act of religious merit, even a corporate duty of the Muslim community.40 Others claim traditional interpretations of Islam are not compatible with the development of science. Author Rodney Stark, argues that Islams lag cigaret the West in scientific advancement after (roughly) 1500 AD was due to opposition by traditional ulama to efforts to forge systematic explanation of natural phenomenon with natural laws.He claims that they believed such laws were blasphemous because they gear up Allahs freedom to act as He wishes, a principle enshired in aya 144 Allah sendeth whom He volition astray, and guideth whom He will, which (they believed) applied to all of creation not just humanity.41 DeclineIn the early twentieth century ulema forbade the learning of foreign languages and dissection of human bodies in the medical school in Iran.42In recent years, the lagging of the Muslim world in science is manifest in the disproportionately small amount of scientific output as measured by citations of articles published in internationally circulate science journals, annual expenditures on research and development, and numbers of research scientists and engineers.Skepticism of science among some Muslims is reflected in issues such as resistance in Muslim blue Nigeria to polio inoculation, which some believe is an conceptional thing created in the West or it is a ploy to get us to submit to this evil agenda.44 Scientific issues in the Quran and HadithThe belief that the Quran had prophesied sc ientific theories and discoveries has perform a strong and widespread belief in the contemporary Islamic world these prophecies are often offered as evidence of the divine origin of the Quran 45 see scientific foreknowledge in sacred texts for however discussion of this issue.Taner Edis wrote An Illusion of Harmony Science and Religion in Islam.46 Edis worries that secularism in bomb, one of the most westernized Muslim nations, is on its way out he points out that Turkey rejects evolution by a turgid majority. To Edis, many Muslims appreciate technology and wish the role that science plays in its creation.As a result, he says there is a great deal of Islamic pseudoscience attempting to finalize this respect with other respected religious beliefs. Edis maintains that the motivation to read modern scientific truths into holy books is also stronger for Muslims than Christians.8 This is because, according to Edis, authoritative criticism of the Quran is almost non-existent in the Muslim world. While Christianity is less prone to see its Holy Book as the direct word of God, fewer Muslims will agree on this idea causing them to believe that scientific truths simply must appear in the Quran.However, Edis opines that there are everlasting examples of scientific discoveries that could be read into the record or Quran if one would like to.8 Edis qualifies that Muslim thought certainly cannot be dumb by looking at the Quran completely cultural and political factors play liberal roles.8Russel Glasser (Skeptic on The Atheist Experience TV show with Matt Dillahunty and Jeff Dee) argues that interpreting the Quran like this is cherry picking and risks simply validatory the biases of the investigator.47 Conception and inherited characteristicsThe most enceinte of the ancient Greek thinkers who wrote on medicine were Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen. Hippocrates and Galen, in contrast with Aristotle, wrote that the contribution of females to children is suit able to that of males, and the vehicle for it is a substance equal to the come of males.48 Basim Musallam writes that the ideas of these men were widespreadthrough the pre-modern Middle East Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen were as a great deal a part of Middle easterly Arabic culture as anything else in it.48 The sayings in the Quran and those attributed to Muhammad in the Hadith influenced generations of Muslim scientists by siding with Galen and Hippocrates.Basim Musallam writes the statements about agnatic contribution to generation in the hadith paralleled the Hippocratic writings, and the view of fetal development in the Quran agreed in incident with Galens scientific writings.48 He reports that the super influential medieval Hanbali scholar Ibn Qayyim, in his book Kitab al-tibyan fi aqsam al-quran, cites the following statement of the prophet, when asked the question from what is man created, He is created of both, the semen of the man and the semen of the woman. The mans semen is thick and forms the bones and the tendons. The womans semen is fine and forms the flesh and blood.49 concept and evolutionThe Quran contains many verses describing creation of the universe God created heavens and state in six heavenly days754 the flat coat was created in dickens days419, and in two other days (into a count of four) God furnished the creation of the primer with mountains, rivers and fruit-gardens 4110. Then heavens and earth form from one mass which had to be economic rent 2130, the seven heavens were created from smoke 4111, forming layers, one above the other 673. The angels inhabit the one-seventh heavens. The lowest heaven is adorned with lights 4112, the sunlight and the moon (which follow a incessant path) 71161433, the stars 376 and the constellations of the Zodiac.