Illegal Immigration in America (Persuasive Essay)

Illegal immigration in America Immigrating to America is a benefit and good because it allows people to seek a new job, new life and have access to a brighter future for example, the pilgrims on the Mayflower. They immigrated to America for a new life and a brighter future. Immigrants, both legal and illegal continue to immigrate to the United States of America for opportunities. But illegal immigrants have a good and bad effect to the economy and the country. For example illegal immigrants are committing a crime.In most instances, they did not apply for a visa at a U. S. Consulate, they did not pay the visa application fees, they were not interviewed for worthiness to enter the U. S. , their backgrounds were not checked to see if they were dangerous criminals or narcotics traffickers and they obviously failed to respect the U. S. ‘s laws. Furthermore, they often times illegally work in the U. S. , and they steal or illegally use somebody else's Social Security number to gain e mployment. Therefore, many times an illegal alien breaks three federal laws.They work for wages much less than the going-American wage, which results in lower wages for the people who compete against them and need better wages the most – working class US citizens and legal residents. This results in many Americans earning less money and paying less taxes than they should, and further grows the ever-increasing wealth gap between the rich and the poor and negatively impacts the federal budget deficit. A great number of illegal aliens also bring dangerous drugs, such as cocaine, heroin and methamphetamine.Illegal alien, Mexican national narcotics traffickers, for example, dominate the distribution of those drugs through-out most regions of the U. S. , except for South Florida and New England. 33% of all prisoners in federal penitentiaries are foreign nationals, and most of them are incarcerated for drug trafficking. The conclusion is that illegal immigration is not good because of trafficking, import on drugs and illegal immigrants committing crime. Plus the wages for the illegal immigrants are lower than the legal immigrants.

Alternative Treatment Educational Course for Parents of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Targeted Audience: The course will serve as a learning process for the parents of children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. This will help parents deal with their child and will teach the parents methods that will assist in the treatment of their child.Goal: This will provide significant information that will highlight factors and appropriate treatment methods related to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. It will also discuss the effects of different treatment method and treatment method appropriate to an individual’s age.Objectives: At the end of this course, parents must be able to: 1. understand causes and symptoms of ADHD 2. know how ADHD is diagnosed 3. determine behavioral elements that may indicate mental health conditions among children 4. learn treatment methods and programs 5. apply the different treatment methods INTRODUCTION Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), also known as hyperkinesis, is a mental disorder that is common to child ren. It affects three to five percent of the children’s world population having a boy to girl ratio of 2:1 or 3:1 (NMHI, 1999).The disorder is characterized by persistent inattentiveness which results in significant functional impairment. It hinders the individual’s capability to do task and exercise age-appropriate behavior. Healthcare professional diagnosed 4. 4 million youth ages 4-17 years old have ADHD. As of 2003, it was found out that 2. 5 million youth ages 4-14 years old are under medication for the disorder. Also, 7. 8% of parents of school-aged have reported to have an ADHD (CDC, 2005). ADHD is a disorder that has an effect to an individual throughout life.The symptoms are pervasive which means that it occurs in various setting. Researches found out that the distinct characteristics of ADHD are inattentiveness and hyperactivity-impulsivity. This paper aims to provide alternative treatment for parents of children with ADHD. In order to achieve this, one must first understand the causes, symptoms, and effects of the disorder. The educational treatment educational course will aid parents of children with ADHD on treating the disorder of their on child and on taking care of their children acquiring such disorder.Specifically, this paper aims to determine if the gender and educational background of parents influence the consideration of alternative treatment procedure for ADHD. CAUSES OF ADHD The causes of ADHD are still undetermined but medical professionals have come up with assumptions that might have caused the disorder. The causes may be neuroanatomic, genetic, environmental, social, and prenatal factors (The Healing Center On-line, 2008). The Neuroanatomic Factor The neuroanatomic sources are the fontal lobe lesions, anterior and medical to the pre-central motor cortex.Studies on cerebral blood flows have found central hypoperfusion in the frontal lobe and decreased blood flow to the caudate nucleus. The Healing Center On-line further wrote that: The positron emission topography of parents of children with ADHD who have symptoms with the disorder have shown that there were decreased metabolism in left frontal and parietal regions which suggest that the prefrontal cortex, which governs auditory attention, is less active among those with ADHD.Also, persons with ADHD have an abnormal low rate of activity in brain areas responsible for motor control and attentiveness. Genetic Factor It is found out by studies that children with ADHD also have close relatives with ADHD. It shows that ADHD can be acquired genetically. Researches also showed that one-third of the fathers with ADHD during their youth will bear a child with ADHD. Also, identical twins share the same trait (NMHI, 1999). Environmental and Prenatal Factors Researches have shown a potential relationship between smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol during pregnancy.Behavior problems are also affected by high carbohydrate and high sugar diet during pregnanc y. Lowering of blood oxygen caused by smoking, high carbohydrate and high sugar diet is critical in fetal development, specifically in the development of fetal brain cells (Healing Center On-line, 2008). Some factors that may lead to ADHD are exposure to toxins such as lead, traumatic experiences, imbalance of neurotransmitters and abnormal glucose metabolism in the central nervous system. Psychosocial FactorsADHD can be caused by social conditions, family stability and marital conflict, psychiatric disorder, parental approach, and family interactions. SYMPTOMS OF ADHD The symptoms of ADHD are seen at an early age. The main symptoms of the disorder are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Children with ADHD are usually impulsive, forgetful, restless to the point of disruption, prone to fall, unable to follow instructions, unpredictable, and moody (Healing Center On-line, 2008). But some of these are normal to children at young age.According to the American Psychiatric Associ ation (2005), ADHD can be identified by the following behavior: (a) playing with hands or feet or wriggling in their seats, (b) difficulty to stay in their seats when needed, (c) difficulty to maintain attention and waiting for a chance in games or group activities, (d) Answering before questions are completed, (e) difficulty to follow instruction and to do task properly, (f) changing one unfinished task to another, (g) failure to prevent careless mistakes, and (h) difficulty to listen. DIAGNOSIS OF THE ADHDParents observe indications of inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity at young age before entering school. But because maturity of children comes different rates, it is important to ask for the opinion of medical experts if the behavior of a child is appropriate at a certain age (NMHI, 2008). According to the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual in 1997, as written by The Healing Center On-line, there is no existing test to detect ADHD but recommended steps in diagnosing the disorder. The first step is a to interview parents. The interview must include family background, presenting problem, and developmental history.Second is asking the child about home, school, and social functioning. Third is completion of the behavior-rating scales illustrating the role of home and school. The fourth step is to gather data from school like grades, achievement test scores, current placement and, relevant information. Fifth is psychological IQ test and Learning Disability screening. The final step is to give physical and neurological examinations. Parent Interview The parent interview is important in establishing relationship between the parents, the child, and the examiner.This will prove invaluable parental support with the assessment and treatment. The interview will also be a source of descriptive information about the family especially parent’s specific observation on child’s obvious problem. It will also expose the degree of distress the childâ€⠄¢s problems affecting the family, particularly the parent and the overall psychological integrity of parent. The interview will also help in formulating a diagnosis and to recommend possible treatments (Barkley, 2007). Child Interview Barkley (2007) also emphasizes the importance of child interview.The length of time required for the interview depends on the age, intellectual level, and language abilities of the children. For preschools, the interview will be a time to be familiar with the child’s appearance, behavior, and development characteristic. For older children and adults, they can be questioned regarding family relationship and status, problem encountered, performance in school, and social and peer acceptance. Teacher Interview The interview with teacher will determine the behavior and performance of the child in school. This will help in evaluating the child’s over all behavior and assessing the development of the child.

Research Paper PhD Level A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research Paper PhD Level A - Essay Example Authentication procedures in the modern day rely extensively on electronic methods. A single sign-on solution allows end-users a secured authentication for access and usage of desktops, enterprise applications, electronic communications, administrative and operational tasks (â€Å"SECUDE IT Security,† 2008). Electronic authentication is the receiver of an electronic data message or data transaction that can assess and determine whether to accept or deny the user’s request. Preconfigured systems can force users to verify their authenticity prior to gaining access to the system or providing an electronic data transaction to another system. Electronic authentication assures confidence that user identities are processed safely, securely and reliably for the procedures of electronic communications to information systems (Burr, Dodson & Polk, 2006). Electronic authentication (E-authentication) presents an immense challenge in several scenarios, as the subsequent sections of this research will highlight. The process of electronic authentication is known to require several proof measures depending on the relative assurance of safety of the transaction, the reliability on the technology and the approach used, the legalities associated with the authentication parameters as well as the value of the transaction being made. Burr, Dodson & Polk (2006) best describes electronic authentication, Electronic authentication is the process of establishing confidence in user identities electronically presented to an information system. E-authentication presents a technical challenge when this process involves the remote authentication of individual people over a network, for the purpose of electronic government and commerce. Electronic authentication is still an emerging field that is witnessing the growth of newer and stronger authentication protocols aimed at outwitting the attempts of potential attackers. The increasingly remote use of authentication

Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Law - Assignment Example (Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company 1893 1 qb 256). Acceptance is a final and unqualified expression of assent to the terms of an offer [G.H. Treitel, The Law of Contract, 10th edn, p.16]. The Employer, Conventina Motors, has offered Steven to work for them as a parts distribution salesman. And Steven has accepted their employment offer to work for them. This means a proper contract has been established between Conventina Motors and Steven. Consideration: This means something bargained for and received by a promisor from a promisee. The common types of consideration consists of real or personal property, a return promise, some act, or a forbearance. The consideration by Conventina Motors towards Steven may not only include his salary but also other responsibilities like Steven’s mental, health, emotional and/or environmental safety etc. And likewise Steven’s consideration towards the company can be his loyalty, responsibility and promise to follow the rules and regulation binding on him due to the employment contract. Capacity: In contract law, capacity means a persons ability to satisfy the elements required to enter binding contracts. For example, it often requires a person to have reached a minimum age and to have soundness of mind. Conventina Motors is an established company and Steven is an adult. Therefore both fulfill the required capacity rules to enter into a valid contract. Legality: The contract made, must be enforceable by law. Only then, the contract is said to be legally binding. Conventina Motors is an established company having proper employment contracts with its workers, therefore the contract with Steven is legally binding and has certain obligations that needs to be followed by both the parties in the contract. As discussed above, Conventina Motors and Steven have entered into a legal employment contract with each other. The contract includes rules and obligations that

Organzion and behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organzion and behaviour - Essay Example s, the management relies on motivation to acquire the objectives, but adapts to the most appropriate motivational approach, which coheres to the factors prevailing circumstances and the nature of activities performed therein. Therefore, a survey on the most appropriate motivational theory to apply on the three organizations integrates to the mode of conducting business among the organizations and the goals pursued (Griffin, and Gregory 33). The Microsoft international, Dubai municipality, and Rinac India Pvt ltd, are the organizations to consider. The three organizations conduct profitable approaches to enhance the value and development in the endeavor to accrue the set plans. For instance, the Microsoft Company ensures a continuous development of software programs, computers, and other technologically advanced electronic devices with an aim of enhancing communication and making relevant profits, with a desired degree competence than the competitors (French, 34). On the other hand, Dubai Municipal, under the leadership of His Highness Hamdan Bin Maktoum emphasizes on continued projects to ensure positive development. The city is acknowledged as the world’s leading trading center, which further incorporates tourists’ attraction sites. With the desire to uphold the superiority, the authorities fin d it a necessity to ensure that all projects are innovative and aim at development. Thirdly, Rinac India Ltd, a producer of cold rooms and refrigerators based in India, remains vulnerable to competition and other organizational threats (Griffin, and Gregory 35). Therefore the company’s management ensures that all the internal factors of production cohesively perform goal oriented activities. The three organizations focus on success and competence against their competitors in their specific fields of delivering value to society. With the increased need of development and sustainability, the organizations find the necessity to establish a motivational factor. A review

CHAP13EX Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CHAP13EX - Essay Example During November, the first month of the company’s fiscal year, $173,250 of manufacturing overhead was applied to Work in process Inventory using the predetermined overhead application rate of $15 per direct labor hour. Staley Toy co. makes toy flutes. Two manufacturing overhead application bases are used; some overhead is applied on the basis of machine hours at the rate of $7.50 per machine hour, and the balance of the overhead is applied at the rate of 200% of direct labor cost. Precision Numbers, Inc. manufactures pocket calculators. Cost incurred in making 25,000 calculators in April included $85,000 of fixed manufacturing overhead. The total absorption cost per calculator was $12.50. b. The ending inventory of pocket calculators was 1,850 units higher at the end of the month than at the beginning of the month. By how much and in what direction (higher or lower) would operating income for the month of April be different under variable costing than under absorption costing? The operating profit under variable costing would be lower by an amount of $6290 ($23125 – 16835) as compared to absorption costing profit because in variable costing the closing inventory is valued at variable cost only (1850 units x $ 9.1 = 16835) which gives higher cost of sales and reduces profit where as in absorption costing closing inventory is valued at variable cost plus absorbed fixed overheads (1850 units x $12.5 = $ 23125) which gives a lower cost of sales and increases

The Social and Political Thought of Martin Luther King Essay

The Social and Political Thought of Martin Luther King - Essay Example It was the Montgomery Bus Boycott, a year-long protest in Montgomery, Alabama, that inflamed the American Civil Rights Movement and catapulted King to national fame. In December 1955, 42,000 black residents of Montgomery began a year-long boycott of city buses (Montgomery Bus Boycott)1 to protest racially segregated seating. The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) was formed and King was elected as its president. That evening King inspired the audience with his words: "There comes a time when people get tired of being trampled over by the iron feet of oppression." With this speech, King was able to ignite the African-Americans' collective outrage into a grassroots movement that would sustain the boycott. King's nonviolent resistance was the mission statement that captained the cause of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, even in the face of violent opposition from the police and the whites. Even though the boycott was challenged throughout by violent protests, King did not let people forget that Christian principles were the base of the protest. He urged the black protestors when faced with violence, to "turn the other cheek". This set the tone for all of King's subsequent campaigns. The protest propelled the Civil Rights Movement into national consciousness and Martin Luther King Jr. into the public eye. In the words of King: "We have gained a new sense of dignity and destiny. We have discovered a new and powerful weapon-nonviolent resistance." After 381 days of intense struggle, African Americans eventually won their fight to desegregate seating on public buses, not only in Montgomery, but throughout the United States. With the success of the Montgomery bus boycott, King had begun his journey along the road of civil rights, whose ultimate destination was the realization of human rights, not only for the blacks but to all the underprivileged of America. Thomas F.Jackson begins his book, "From Civil Rights to Human Rights" by stating "Over the course of his public ministry, between the Montgomery bus boycott of 1956 and the Memphis sanitation workers' Strike of 1968, Martin Luther King, Jr., wove together African American dreams of freedom with global dreams of political and economic equality. King opposed racism, imperialism, poverty, and political disfranchisement in increasingly radical terms. Often he referred to the American civil rights movement as simply one expression of an international human rights revolution that demanded economic rights to work, income, housing, and security." Jackson argues that King's ideas and his socio-political thoughts did not undergo a sudden change towards economic justice in the final few years of his life but had begun taking root even in the initial years of his involvement in the civil rights movement. The fact that the theme of economic justice was central to King's thoughts throughout his career is evident from the way King attacked the unequal distribution of American wealth twice before the NAACP2.He even pointed out to a January MIA mass meeting

Dual and Cooperative Federalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dual and Cooperative Federalism - Essay Example The founders of federalism hoped to create a government system that is similar to a unitary system. However, the states were included in the system since they already had established government systems that were functional. Thus, the founders of the federalism granted the national government powers and reserve the remaining powers to the local or state governments. Moreover, these expressed powers given to the national government provide an avenue for expansion of the implied powers. Federalism further involves complex relationships among a number of states. For instance, in the United States of America, the constitution of United States of America requires the states to honor all the public acts and the decisions being made by the judiciary of other states. Moreover, federalism involves a number of limitations on the state authority, especially involving the relationships between the state governments. The local governments are not recognized in the federal constitution thus they are used by the states to perform or rather conduct normal activities of the government. Thus, federalism still remains the best governance system in United States of America. This is one of the US achievements as it transferred or rather created an effective constitution structure of the political institution. Hence, federalism and the entire separation of power in the national and state governments relieve other law enacting bodies off the burden of law implementation.

Dystopian Society Present in 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 Essay Example for Free

Dystopian Society Present in 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 Essay The idea of a dystopian society is that of complete control, either through the use of a police state that has ultimate control over humanity and or the idea of man abusing technology to further gain control of its subjects. These ideas are very present in both novels. In 1984, the totalitarian state is technically and urbanely engineered to spy on and see peoples very thoughts. In Fahrenheit 451 a similar idea is used in the outlawing of literature and the use of denunciations to capture and punish those deemed to have broken the law. This essay is going to explore the idea of Man’s struggle against the society which seeks to break him, erasing the individual, resulting in the mindless slaves to society, the very idea that the authors warn against. In 1984, the constant barrage of information regarding the greatness of the state and Big Brothers supremacy over the common man forces everyone to consent and believe in the totalitarian state. The party justifies itself by eliminating the individual, giving power to everyone as being part of the collective power of the party as O’Brien mentions  «if he can escape from his identity, if he can merge himself in the party so that he is the party, then he is all-powerful and immortal  » the party’s belief that they control everything even human reality portrays how far a totalitarian government can go in achieving complete control of humanity. This can be clearly seen in 1984, where O’Brien tortures Winston to the point where he is capable of relinquishing all humanity, all common sense until the point where O’Brien tells Winston that two and two make five. Winston loses all sense of individuality to the point where conforms to the party and denounces his true love Julia. Through the use of fear and crushing oppression, the idea of love apart from love for big brother and the party is all that remains. Therefore the Party succeed in their aims, obedience through the use of force and fear. The central conflict of the novel is Man-vs. Society, as with Fahrenheit 451. Winston constantly struggled for individuality in a society were there is no â€Å"I† there is only ‘we†, individuality and freedom of expression is forbidden, punishable by death. The party wishes to control all of humanity, eradicating the â€Å"sex instinct†, O’Brien says  « we will abolish the orgasm  »  « there will be no loyalty, except loyalty towards the party. There will be no love, except the love of big brother†¦ there will be no art, no literature, no science  », in this, the party’s aims are clear. They seek to destroy what it is to be human, to create a population of hollow men, loyal to none but the party, un-thinking, un-loving slaves of the party, tools. As in 1984, the state in Fahrenheit wish to crush creative thinking, eradicating humanity in the process. The burning of books, similar to the book burnings of Nazi Germany show the totalitarian, dystopian need to control the thoughts of the masses. By doing this, they control the past, and therefore the future. They are able to rewrite history to justify their acts, indoctrinating the youth to believe in their cause, just as the Nazis did. In Fahrenheit 451, as in 1984, symbolism and reversible meanings are present which can also be seen as conflicting emotions in the protagonist and the struggle to find a place in society. In 451, the contrasting ideas of fire and water are very interesting. The firemen are not as tradition tells, protectors of the people, putting out fires and saving lives, but using fire to burn and destroy literature. Their role is to destroy, to burn human creativeness. Captain Beatty, chief of the fire department, believes that fire is bright and fire is clean. This idea contradicts the norm of fire is destructive and evil. This represents the twisted ideas of authority, reversing the meaning of words, rewriting them to justify their aims of total control over humanity. The masses fail to see the true meaning of these words, or perhaps they have forgotten. This shows how far the totalitarian government has succeeded in indoctrinating people into believing what ever they wish them to. However, the protagonists in both novels are depicted as being marginalised because they do not share the same ideas, due to morals and ideals that they can only express in their minds, far from the reach of the state, a lonely free island in a sea of relentless waves. The idea of water by Bradbury is used to cleanse montag’s soul. The water saves Montag, cleansing him of the scent of society, he is thus reborn. In addition, when Montag is trying to escape the helicopters and the mechanical hound, the tools of the totalitarian government, the stream hides and saves him until it is safe to return to land. Montag indulges himself in the water and there was only the cold river and Montag floating in a sudden peacefulness, away from the city and the lights and the chase, away from everything in this the water saves him, purifies him, the opposite of the dystopian symbol, fire. Water is portrayed as the flow of humanity. In 1984, the party uses contrasting ideas in their party slogans such as  « War is peace, freedom is slavery, ignorance is strength  » these contrasting ideas represent perfectly the party’s ideals. The individual and the freedom that comes with it actually results in slavery in the dystopian society, ignorance of the truth of what the party is really about protects you from persecution of the thought police. The use of these contradicting words and the lack of opposition, mean that the party have succeeded in their indoctrination of the masses as no one has the ability to see past the words to see their true sense, even Winston and Julia remain troubled by it. In a dystopian society, the state exerts complete control over its population through oppression, terror and the constant use of propaganda. This is apparent in both novels. Both novels are predictions of a future controlled by totalitarian states. The thoughtpolice in 1984 use brainwashing, spies and denunciations to control the party however the proles are generally untouched. This is similar to Nazi Germany in that only those who rebelled or were undesirables in society were quashed, the general population remained untouched. By comparing Nazi Germany and the era in which this novel was written, we can see the blatant warning against future governments similar to the National Socialists led by Hitler and the state of terror and oppression and ethic cleansing which was deemed for the greater good. O’Brien says to Winston â€Å"perhaps you have returned to your old idea that the proletarians or the slaves will arise and overthrow us. Put it out of your mind. They are helpless, like the animals. Humanity is the party. † This shows the view that the totalitarian government controls all that is humanity and the lower classes remain irrelevant because they have neither the knowledge nor the power to overthrow those who control reality. They control the laws of nature, the past, the present and the future. However, Fahrenheit 451 does not elaborate on the political aims of the ruling party apart from their desire to quash human creativity and the ideas of individuality. Yet it remains a typical part of dystopian ideology to desire to control every aspect of the masses and even humanity itself. The use of the  « telescreen  » is an interesting concept that is abundant in both texts. The use of the telescreen in Fahrenheit 451 is that this became the populaces way of interacting with others without physically interacting with them, as people became detached from literature, from freedom. The people on these televisions were your family, who would keep you company and be your friend, spurting propaganda and essentially keeping people in check. The telescreen in 1984, shared the same idea but consisted of other more sinister uses such as spying on those suspected of thoughtcrime, revolutionary thoughts against the party, overhearing conversations and playing militaristic key speeches and propaganda techniques seen in Nazi Germany with the peoples radio. However this form of propaganda could never be switched off. This shows the ingsoc party’s ability to penetrate every single aspect of humanity and society, the idea that  « big brother is watching you  « is very well demonstrated. This of course being the reason why Winston and Julia were captured and tortured by the state. The use of the Telescreen can be noted in Winston and Julia’s struggle in that they are constantly bombarded by party propaganda, possibly overheard by the party through speakers hidden in the screen. This creates pressure to conform for fear of being found out and sent to the ministry of love for reconditioning. The underlying fear of the unknown bound them to neither conform nor rebel. They are lost in a society which they cannot escape and do not wish to be a part of, yet they have no choice. I believe that under this amount of pressure, anyone would fall and conform to whatever the Party demands, as the individual is no match for the collective power of the Party. Winston is not just a character in the story, but an idea. Winston is an anachronism. His mind and personality are not defined by the Party slogans, by the Party’s ideas of what he should be. From his own point of view he is an individual; from the Party’s point of view he is a flaw in the reality it is creating. The story follows Winston and his struggle for individualism and his overpowering feelings of humanity, the very feelings that the party try to destroy, which they eventually do through horrific torture spread over months. O’Brien says to him whilst trying to brainwash him  « you are the last man†¦you are the guardian of the human spirit.  » Winston then looks into the mirror and sees the frail creature that he had become. O’Brien does this to show the extent to which his party can destroy humanity and rebuild it to their designs. He then goes on to say  « Do you see that thing facing you? That is the last man. If you are human, that is humanity.  » Convincing Winston that his struggle in futile, the control of the party is infinite, they create the law around them to meet their ends of controlling everything, and everyone. Winston is eventually brainwashed and ends up loving bigbrother, thus the aims of the party complete. In conclusion, the extent to which 1984 refers to a dystopian society compared to Fahrenheit 451 is at once different yet similar. The ideas of the party relate to those of the Nazis and soviet Russia; the lies, the oppression, the propaganda, the removal of civil liberties and the crushing of humanity. However 1984 is an extreme version of this prediction of the future. Fahrenheit explores more the emotional changes in Montag that convinces him to relinquish his part in destroying freedom of expression enforced by the fireman and the state and to embrace his curiosity and his humanity. 984 ends with the destruction of Winston, finally loving bigbrother, his love for Julia destroyed, his individuality crushed they had both failed themselves and each other and lost to power of â€Å"Big Brother. † Orwell was a firm believer in Marxism and the need for the proletarian to rise up and equalise society. These two tales are a warning of the dangers of dystopian societies, the need f or humanity to shed this society that has become so desensitised and to be aware of the reliance on technology, before it is too late.

Historical Interpretations Role in The of a national or international policy for Cultural Heritage Protection Essay Example for Free

Historical Interpretations Role in The of a national or international policy for Cultural Heritage Protection Essay The main difference between approaches to Cultural Heritage Protection, as discussed by Muller, namely between â€Å"object-centrism† and â€Å"functionalism† is associated with the fact that the first approach regards the cultural object and its protection as a value in its own right, while the latter focuses on the cultural object in the context of its meaning for society and its processes of acculturation and socialization. Object-centrism advocates primacy of the cultural object rather than its value, be it artistic or economic (Muller, 1998). Artworks of the past are seen as valuable treasures, and the integrity of entire set of objects produced by a certain culture has to be protected. Object-centrism scholars â€Å"focus on the primacy of the heritage object, considering that it has a value existing independently of people that should not be susceptible to any change† (Loulanski, 2006, p. 215). This approach also argues for the necessity of protection of information about a given culture, and cultural objects serve as a source of such information. Thus, while archaeology is a typical example of the philosophy of object-centrism, anthropology also fits in the picture by virtue of preserving information and data about cultures. As concerns the answer to the question which is at the heart of the debate on Cultural Heritage Protection, namely whether nation state or international community should be the guardian of cultural heritage, object-centrism only cares about the safety and integrity of the cultural object and not the nature of its stewardship. Proponents of object-centrism argue that practical value of the cultural object is hard to determine, since it might have little utility now but be of great importance for future generations. And in the light of little connection between ancient and modern societies, ancient heritage is worth preservation in it own right. However, this approach has come in for much criticism: â€Å"Although the object-centric approach seems more sensible for guaranteeing the rights of existence for all cultural heritage, and modern because it prioritizes the integrity of cultural heritage, it proves to be somewhat illogical and unrealistic† (Loulanski, 2006, p. 216). Cultural objects are inherently connected to human societies and histories, thus it is unproductive to view them outside of their natural context. Rather than regarding heritage as a set of cultural objects, it should be regarded in the light of public good it is able to create: â€Å"Increasingly cultural heritage is seen as a much broader phenomenon which can contribute to political ideals, to economic prosperity and to social cohesion† (Council of Europe, 2000, p. 3). Cultural heritage has been linked to national unity, citizenship, appreciation of diversity, cultural identity and memory, amenity, sustainable development and quality of life. Graham (2002) suggests â€Å"the concept of heritage as a social construction, imagined, defined and articulated within cultural and economic practice† (p. 1003). In my view, functionalism is a more productive approach to cultural heritage protection. However, it poses dome difficulties for historical interpretation, since it denies the idea that cultural objects have value in their own right. Each nation has its own approach to assigning value to and defining functions of cultural objects. Thus, international community might disagree with interpretations suggested by nation stares. It imperative to separate historical interpretation from other forms of interpretation: â€Å"Historical interpretation must be based on a multidisciplinary archaeological and/or historical study of the site and its surroundings, yet must also indicate clearly and honestly where conjecture, hypothesis or philosophical reflection begin† (Pathways to Cultural Landscapes, 2002 p. 5). The solution to the problem is to engage all interested stakeholders in the process of historical interpretation, be they different groups within one society or different countries in the global community.

The origins of the word stress

The origins of the word stress The opening subject of this literature review relates to the origins of the word stress and how pioneer Dr Hans Selye was the catalyst in creating a greater interest on this topic. Following his hypothesis and subsequent definition of the word stress, many prominent researchers have delved deeper into the subject to formulate their own assumptions. Clearly, a substantial amount of research has been conducted in this area and hence a number of descriptions of the word stress exist. This may be a contributory factor as to why much uncertainty exists in relation to stress per se, and why the apposing schools of thought have formed conflicting opinions on Selyes interpretation on the subject. In fact the following quote written by the Pioneer of Stress himself is regularly cited in numerous publications relating to the subject matter: Stress, like Einsteins theory of relativity, is a scientific concept which has suffered from the mixed blessing of being too well known and too little understood (Selye,1980) Origins of the word stress Stress is a word derived from the Latin word stringere, meaning to draw tight (Arnold, 2005). Definition of Stress Stress has become a legitimate concern for most and a talking point for people from all walks of life . However, when agencies such as the World Health Organisation (WHO) and International Labour Organisation (ILO) draw attention the prevalence of stress in the work place, it substantiates the importance for those particularly in the Hospitality Industry, to pay more attention to this issue and its consequences. (Faulkner, 1997). One can clearly see why many scholars have chosen to explore the subject in greater detail. Consequently, each have formed their own definitions and models in accordance with their research on this subject . Most of the definitions given by the stress gurus in the past number of years, correspond with the definition used by the Founder of this subject, Dr Hans Seyle. His definition is regularly cited as : Stress is the nonspecific response of the body to any demand, whether it is caused by, or results in, pleasant or unpleasant conditions.  [i]   In a similar context Griffin and Moorhead (Griffin, 2009) define stress as: Stress is a persons adaptive response to stimulus that places excessive psychological or physical demands on that person Therefore, one school of thought believes that a stress reaction is triggered when an individual faces a challenging situation. Whereas, Harrisons viewpoint on stress challenges the theory that stress is a symptomatic response to excessive demands placed on an individual and proposed that a stress reaction occurs when an individual is unable to adapt to circumstances imposed on them. In his book Theories of Organisational Stress Cooper quoted Harrison view that: stress arises when (1) the environment does not provide adequate supplies to meet a persons needs; or (2) the abilities of the person fall short of demands that are prerequisite of receiving supplies; (Cooper, 1998). Conventional Stress Theory Models There appears to be two conventional models relating to the subject matter. The stimulus based response relates to stressors that are believed to initiate reactions whereas the response based model which defines stress as a pattern of behavioural responses. Thus suggesting that an individuals stress coping mechanism will vary and that different stimuli ignite different responses. Field et al wrote the following Evidence is clear that different individuals respond to the same set of stimuli differently, but a single subject responds to different stimuli consistently. (Field, 1985) The work situation has the potential to create many stressful scenarios which generally are perceived negatively, however, in some instances the pressure to perform can drive those with an internal locus of control to perform more efficiently. (Levi, 1972). Instinct has taught man to assess situations and form opinions on whether the state of affairs is perceived as a challenge or hindrance stressor. Challenge stressors are a source of stress that have a positive direct effect on motivation and performance (Dubrin, 2009) whereas Hindrance stressors lead to de-motivation and impaired performance levels. Role Theory In order for any organisation to achieve its strategic goals and gain competitive advantage, it must have the correct set of resources and well defined standard operating processes in place. (St. John, 2010) Organisational objectives require the completion of a specific set of procedures which are usually assigned to various individuals within the organisation . Therefore, prior to recruitment stage the business entity is required to establish a manpower plan. This plan should include a job analysis, job descriptions and person specification for each role required (Nickson, 2007) . Associated with each role is a set of standards and norms of conduct that the role occupant (and others) expect from the holder of the position. (Bennet, 1994) To conduct their business activity, Hotels require a number of role specific positions within their organisational structure. One essential role is Sales. The simplest way to think of the nature and role of selling ( or salesmanship as it is sometimes termed) is to make a sale. This seemingly obvious statement disguises what is often a very complex process, involving the use of a whole set of principles, techniques and substantial personal skills, and covering a wide range of different selling types of selling task (Lancaster, 1994) Those employed by the organisation , will not only be expected to fulfil a specific set of duties in an efficient manner, but will also be required to align their behavioural practices in accordance with the Corporate Culture . (Dubrin, 2009) Role theory sees large organisations as systems of interlocking roles. These roles relate to what people do and what people expect of them rather than their individual identities (Stranks, 2005) . One inevitability that exists in a Service Orientated Environment e.g. a Hotel, is that each role within the organisational structure is interdependent. The capricious nature of the Hospitality business requires regular interactions with various people holding different positions within the service chain. Roles that involve selling an intangible service require a high level of interaction with the operational departments. Communication is vital to ensure that those providing the service will match or exceed the expectations that have been formed by the client when the sale was affected. The concept of the Psychological Contract reflects mutual expectations of those working within the same framework, each will form specific expectations and perceptions of an individuals performance level. Even those who do not have direct involvement in selling come into contact with it in their roles as consumers. Perhaps, because of this familiarity, many people have strong, and often misplaced, views about selling and sales people. (Lancaster, 1994) Many a time, when low occupancy levels exist, a large percentage of the hotel employees would point the finger of blame at the Sales Team. This coupled with clients raising expectations creates the need for a Sales Person to perform a balancing act to satisfy all stakeholders. In 2000 Wetzels, de Ruyter and Bloemer wrote : Another source of role stress for salespeople is the lack of empowerment and flexibility in trying to meet customers service expectations while following company guidelines (Knight, 2007) Research studies show that conflicting demands can cause confusion among employees and lead to the creation of stressful situations. (Kavitha, 2009) (Kavitha: 2009)  [ii]   Three factors that may contribute towards Role Stress are Role Ambiguity, Role Conflict and Role Overload. Role Stress A warning sign that indicates that role stress may be evident , is when an individual shows signs of being unable to fulfil their role. (Bennet, 1994). In 1978 Katz and Kahn describe the term role stress as: is the implied uncertainty felt when role incumbents think that they can not accomplish all the role demands (Fischer, 2010) There may be many factors that influence this condition such as a mismatch of role to the individual or even that the appropriate induction and on the job training may not been provided. In both instances, be it either a wrong recruitment decision or insufficient induction training has not been provided , the organisation is in fact setting the individual up for failure. Hence, the company has inadvertently created the situation through inadequate planning. Therefore, to minimise the instances a job description should be compiled. This will act as a blue print for the personnel specification which outlines the type of applicant the company is seeking (Lancaster, 1994) Role Ambiguity This source of occupational stress, stems from a lack of clarification of what is expected in terms of responsibilities , performance expectations and guidance through regular feedback. Role ambiguity denotes uncertainty about the expectations, behaviours, and consequences associated with a particular role (Cooper C. L.) Furthermore, when employees are uncertain of what their role entails it can have a negative affect on job satisfaction levels. Role ambiguity, the lack of clear and specific information regarding work role requirements, has also been linked repeatedly with job stress and low job satisfaction (Cordes, 1993) Role Conflict Most of the time, Sales teams are faced with the dilemma of having to meet the needs of conflicting objectives e.g. achieving the companys sales targets in addition to offering value to the customer. Therefore, it is common occurrence for conflicting obligations to arise simultaneously. According to the demand-job control model, workers experience most stress when the demands of the job are high, yet they have little control over the activity (Dubrin, 2009) There are two rules for anyone working in a service related industry :- The Customer is always right When the Customer is wrong refer back to rule number one. Sales workers are required to regulate their feelings and emotions to meet organisational goals (Grandey, 2000) Such situations can lead an Sales Person to have a conflict between personal and corporate values, having to mask ones feelings can lead to a moral dilemma. This issue may lead an individual to feel hindered and hence trigger a flight response which would lead the individual opt towards leaving the organization. (Cordes, 1993) Role Overload The idiom The early bird catches the worm could not be more apt for those involved in selling products or services. The current Economic Scenario coupled with crisis in Neighbouring States has escalated competitively between companies which are battling for the same business. Time is of the essence and the constraint of not having sufficient time can cause a great deal of stress. Role overload occurs when there are insufficient resources to meet the demands of all that is required. Role overload occurs when an incumbent has too many duties and responsibilities (Kruger, 2008) Highly driven individuals may choose to work longer hours in order to complete all their tasks. (Arnold J. J., 2005) . However, sustaining this working pattern over a prolonged period of time will take a toll on an employees wellbeing (Arnold J. J., 2005), Under such circumstances there is a tendency for an individual to reach a plateau, more commonly known as Job Burn Out. Dubrin describes Job Burn Out as a pattern of emotional and mental exhaustion in response to chronic job stress. When workers feel both physically and psychologically drained it often prompts them to consider leaving their current place of employment. (Yuen, 1998) . Latent turnover brings with it additional expenses to the company. i.e. recruitment and training costs for replacement plus the disruption it may cause to other workers who will be requested to share the burden of the workload until such time the new replacement is able to work up to full capacity levels. (Arnold J. J., 2005). Environment Some professions are more prone to stress than others. Each occupation has its own potential environmental sources of stress. (Arnold J. J., 2005) Often a work environment can impede productivity if the working area has not been planned to facilitate the work flow process. Factors that can contribute towards stress are poorly designed offices, inadequate ventilation, lighting of strategic location. (Atkin, 2009) The physical design of a workplace can be another potential source of stress. If an office is poorly designed, with personnel who require frequent contact spread throughout the building, poor communication networks can develop, resulting in role ambiguity and poor relationships (Arnold J. J., 2005) Locus of Control Julian B. Rotter, conducted research on personality type behaviours. His studies created a framework known as the Locus of Control. His hypothesis referred to individual perceptions over the control of events that may affect an individual. His theory concluded that those who believed that situations arise due to ones personal contribution are said to have a High Internal Locus of Control whereas those who believed that either fate, destiny or others had power over them have are said to have a Low Internal Locus of Control. (Dubrin, 2009) . Those working in Sales are often faced with rejection, when a client refuses their proposal. Highly competitive rates offered by the competition, rigid pricing policy, client preferences, more advantageous commissions and logistics are some but a few of the reasons why clients may refuse an offer. Regular rejection may gradually demoralise a Sales person and hence it is important for them to remain motivated. (Lancaster, 1994) . Training of Stress Management Techniques Generally organisations concentrate more on skills training than they do on stress management training. On the whole, it is presumed that individuals should instinctively know how to handle stressful situations and hence the general belief that organisational intervention is not required. There are three self help techniques that can be utilised for management of stress. (Dubrin, 2009) These are :- Control Symptom Management Escape Control There are several actions that an individual can take in order to control their stress levels such as learning to accept ones limitations. Those who strive for perfection are often intrinsically motivated and generate more stress on themselves than their superiors. Sometimes, from merely adapting ones work habits can have a substantial impact on reducing stress levels. Those who are highly driven should stop from time to time and take stock of their work- life balance (Rees, 2008). When a person neglects other aspects of life outside work, such as time with family, friends and physical exercise, the person is more likely to suffer from stress (Dubrin, 2009) Symptom Management Those who submit themselves to excessive amounts of pressure should learn a Relaxation Response Technique. Something as simple as a five minute day dream can allow the body to reset itself back to a normal pace. (Dubrin, 2009). Alternatively, by performing high output tasks when one feels that they at their physical peak time during the working day. Regular Physical Exercise can also help to combat stress and is far more beneficial stimulant than caffeine and nicotine. Infact, more progressive organisations are realising the benefits of exercise and are either including gym facilities for their team members to use during break times or free membership to the Gym. Escape More commonly known as the Flight Response, they may be occasions that the only way to combat stress is to remove the stressor from your life. Those who reach the precipice should consider their current skill set and which role would best suit their abilities. (Rees, 2008) Latent Turnover When a moderate amount of stress exists within the working environment, those who have an internal locus of control will not be defeated by a moderate level of challenge and often rise to the occasion through self motivation techniques . However, when excessive amounts of stress exist over a large span of time, it will lead towards more negative attitudes towards their job. According to the National Statistics Office of Malta,  [1]  Life Style Survey of 2007 only 29.7 % of respondents reported that they derive satisfaction from their current job. (NSO, 2007). In the local hospitality sector there has been a 0.7% decline to the workforce to 7.5%  [2]  . (NSO, Labour Force Survey: Q3/2010, 2010) It is estimated that 45 % of unwanted job turnover is stress related (Dubrin, 2009). This rather alarming figure demonstrates that there appears to be a strong correlation between occupational stress and turnover. Based on the review of all the relevant literature, the purpose of this study is to examine the following :- The sources of Stress for Hotel Sales Teams Their perceptions on stress Organisational Intervention Methods Whether constant levels of stress would prompt them to leave the Company.

Metaphor in Hamlet Essay -- essays research papers

Metaphor in Hamlet In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Act III scene 1, Hamlet’s soliloquy of â€Å"To be or not to be† is full of metaphors that bring the various themes of the play together. One of the primary themes of the play is Hamlet’s uncertainty of action and inability to decide how to cope with the problems he faces. In Hamlet’s soliloquy, Hamlet metaphorically discusses his indecisiveness about the importance of continuing his life and asks himself â€Å"whether ‘tis nobler of the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune or to take arms against a sea of troubles, and, by opposing them, end them.† Hamlet wonders whether it is worth facing all his problems (â€Å"slings and arrows of outrageous fortune†) or to commit suicide (â€Å"and by opposing them, end them.†) Hamlet metaphorically comp...

Macbeth: A Noble and Highly Respected Figure In Ducans Reign :: Macbeth essays

Macbeth: A Noble and Highly Respected Figure In Ducan's Reign Macbeth was a noble and highly respected figure in King Duncan's reign. He lived a brave and honest life, serving the King and his country against evil. The Tragedy of Macbeth occurred when the weird sisters met Macbeth for the first time. An evil mind took over Macbeth, and he was doomed to the witches prophesies until his death. Macbeth was a General of the King's army, and served the King with honor and dignity. After success in the battle against the Thane of Cawdor, which was Macbeth's final serving for King Duncan, Banquo and he met with the King. Banquo was commended, and "To make thee full of growing. - Noble Banquo" (Act 1 Scene 4); but Macbeth was given all the credit, and titled "My worthy Cawdor!" (Act 1 Scene 4), Thane of Cawdor for his service. It was during this scene, where Duncan announced Malcom as his future successor, that Macbeth's thoughts became evil obsessions. A power was taking over him, his own flaw from evil, brought about by the weird sisters. "Stars, hide your fires, Let not the light see my black and deep desires." (Act 1 Scene 4). Macbeth's flaw is highly influenced by his wife, Lady Macbeth, who has wicked thoughts, and persuades Macbeth into many actions he would not normally do. "Only look up clear: To alter favour ever is to fear. Leave all the rest to me" (Act 1 Scene 5) shows her strength over Macbeth. As Macbeth prepares to kill Duncan, he hallucinates, and many thoughts cross his mind, but when the bell sounds, "Hear it not, Duncan, for it is a knell That summons thee to heaven or to hell." (Act 2 Scene 2) and Macbeth acts promptly. After the murder Macbeth regrets his actions, but again Lady Macbeth is influential toward him, reminding his that "These deeds must not be thought After these ways; so, it will make us mad." (Act 2 Scene 2). Macbeth's true self again break through when he has false thoughts about his actions. "Had I but died an hour before this chance I had lived a blessed time; for, from this instant, There's nothing serious in mortality. All is but toys; renown and grace is dead, The wine of life is drawn, and the mere lees Is left this vault to brag of." (Act 2 Scene 4). All the confusion surrounding Macbeth has prompted him to make some errors. He did not place the daggers on the guards after the murders, and then before anybody was able to talk to the

Character Sketch of Bassanio Essay

Bassanio’s character is more fully drawn than Antonio’s, but it does not possess the powerful individuality that Shakespeare gives to his portraits of Portia and Shylock. First off, when one begins considering Bassanio, one should dismiss all the critics who condemn him for his financial habits. Bassanio’s request to Antonio for more money is perfectly natural for him. He is young; he is in love; and he is, by nature, impulsive and romantic. Young men in love have often gone into debt; thus Bassanio has always borrowed money and, furthermore, no moral stigma should be involved. Shakespeare needs just such a character in this play for his plot. If Bassanio is not a powerful hero, he is certainly a sympathetic one. First, he has some of the most memorable verse in the play — language which has music, richness, and dignity. Second, he shows us his immediate, uncalculated generosity and love; this is especially obvious when Bassanio, who has just won Portia, receives the letter telling him of Antonio’s danger. Bassanio is immediately and extremely concerned over the fate of Antonio and is anxious to do whatever is possible for his friend. Here, the situation is melodramatic and calls for a romantic, seemingly impossible, rescue mission. When at last Bassanio and Portia are reunited, he speaks forthrightly and truthfully to her. He refuses to implicate Antonio, even though it was at Antonio’s urging that he gave away his wedding ring to the judge who cleverly saved Antonio’s life: â€Å"If you did know,† he tells Portia, â€Å"for what I gave the ring / And how unwillingly I left the ring . . . You would abate the strength of your displeasure. † No matter how powerful the circumstances, he admits that he was wrong to part with the ring because he had given his oath to Portia to keep it. As the play ends, Bassanio’s impetuous nature is once more stage-center. Speaking to his wife, he vows: â€Å"Portia, forgive me this enforced wrong; . . . and by my soul I swear / I never more will break an oath with thee. † Of course, he will; this, however, is part of Bassanio’s charm. He means it with all his heart when he swears to Portia, but when the next opportunity arises and he is called on to rashly undertake some adventure full of dash and daring, he’ll be off. Portia knows this also and loves him deeply, despite this minor flaw.

Leonardo Da Vinci

Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Dad Vinci Leonardo dad Vinci was born in Vinci, Italy on April 15, 1452. He was an Italian artist, painter, sculptor, architect, engineer and a scientist. He was also one of the greatest minds of the Italian Renaissance. Renaissance is the transitional movement in Europe between medieval and modern times beginning in Italy in the 14th century and ending in the 17th century. It was marked by a humanistic revival of classical influence showed it a flowering of the arts, literature and by the beginnings of modern science.The Italian Renaissance is the time period when Italy was the center of the Renaissance. He was born to unmarried parent's who were Seer Piper dad Vinci (he was an official who certifies legal documents) and a nearby woman named Catering. There isn't much to say about Leonardo childhood except that when he was 15 his father introduced him to Andrea Del Veronica. He was a painter, sculptor, goldsmith and a magnificent craftsman. He wanted to make sure that his w ork was perfect regarding the way he portrayed the human body.The elements that Veronica had were important to Leonardo because he admired Veronica's artistic traits. After Leonardo completed his apprenticeship he continued his Job as an assistant at Veronica's workshop. Leonardo first well-known painting in displayed in Veronica's Baptism of Christ. In about 1478 Leonardo set up his own studio. Three years later he received a church contract for an altarpiece (the sculpture in front of a church) called the Adoration of the Magi. The Magi altarpiece was left unfinished because Leonardo left Florence to accept the Job of a court artist for the Duke of Milan.Leonardo presented himself to the Duke of Milan as a skilled worker in crafts but more particularly in military engineering. Leonardo first Melamine painting was titled Virgin of the Rocks. It is from a respected tradition that the Holy Family is presented inside a cave. The setting that this piece reveals shows Leonardo interest in representing nature with dimmed lights. Some advice that Leonardo gave out to artists was to draw at dusk in courtyards with the walls painted black. Another famous painting from Leonardo was the Last Supper.Instead of painting this piece with water color paints on fresh plaster he tested an oil- based medium. His experiment with the oil base was unsuccessful. His painting began to fall off of the wall and within 40-50 years the painting had spots on them. He left Milan when the Duke of Milan was overthrown by The French Invasion. From there he visited Venice for a short period of time. While he was there he had consulted with the Senate on some of his military projects and then went to Mantra. In 1500, Leonardo returned back to Florence.Immediately the Florentine painters of that generation began to follow Leonardo because they were thrilled by his modern methods. They were familiar with the methods in his unfinished artwork of the Adoration of the Magi. Leonardo also served as a military engineer for Cesar Boring in the year 1 502, and he completed the most amounts of projects during this time in Florence than at any time period in his life. In his works of these years he mainly concentrated on portraying the human vitality such as the Mona Lisa. The Mona Lisa is a portrait of a Florentine citizen's young third wife.Her smile in the painting is called mysterious because it represents the process of either appearing or disappearing. Another one of Leonardo fantastic painting was a cavalry battle scene (when soldiers fought on horses) that the city hired him to decorate the newly built Council Hall of the Palazzo Vehicle. The work known for that today is some roughly sketched groups of horsemen, carefully drawn single heads of men, and some copies of the whole thing. He began to paint the artwork but was called to go back to Milan so the work was left uncompleted.A short time after that, the room was remodeled and the piece was destroyed. When Leonardo was called back to Milan he was to work on a statue of a leader riding a horse but he didn't produce any new paintings. Instead he turned more and more to scientific observations. Many of Leonardo scientific concerns were his interests as a painter and, his research in anatomy (structure of a living organism) was the most developed. Leonardo produced the earliest anatomical drawing that is still followed to this day.Leonardo filled a scientific Journal with data and drawings that revealed his scientific interests such as firearms, the action of water, the flight of birds, growth of plants and geology (study of earth). All of his interests had to do with process of action, movement, pressure, and growth. It is said that his drawing of the human body are less about how bodies are and more about how they work. In 1513 Leonardo went to Rome and stayed there for 6 years. There he was honored, but he then became inactive especially with his artistic and rich life yet he still continued to wri te in his Journals.Francis I (the French King) invited Leonardo to his court and he received the title for first painter, architect, and mechanic and provided him with a house at Cloud, France. Leonardo died on May 2, 1519. Nasty or not pleasant. My definition of evil would be something deceitful and Leonardo Dad Vinci can be distinguished as a fighter against evil because in his sketches and sculptors of the human anatomy he expressed how the human body works. He portrayed how beautiful the human body can be, where to some people they looked at his art of something profane and evil. Leonardo Da Vinci Different inventions by Leonardo dad Vinci: Armored car – a forerunner to the tank: [pick] Leonardo wrote: â€Å"I shall make covered chariots, which are safe and cannot be assaulted; cars, which fear no great numbers when breaking through the ranks of the enemy and its artillery. Behind them, the infantrymen shall follow, without fearing injury or other impediments. † Leonardo has an idea to sowing panic and destruction among enemy troops with an armored car, which is a forerunner to the tank.The car consists of metal plates and are armored with guns. The car holds 8 men, who would turn cranks to move the heels and also shooting from the cannons. The notes on the drawing (see the picture) show that Leonardo had thought of replacing the men with horses, but he decided to not replace them. The notes Leonardo wrote about this invention can be dated to around 1487.Aerial screw – a forerunner to the helicopter: Leonardo wrote this about the aerial screw: â€Å"I bel ieve that if this screw device is well manufactured, that is, if it is made of linen cloth, the pores of which have been closed with starch, and if the device is promptly reversed, the screw will engage its gear when in the air and it will rise up on high. † The aerial screw is one of Leonardo most famous inventions. The aerial screw has a diameter of 5 meters, made of reed, linen cloth and wire, and it's 4 men who stood on the central platform to control the flying machine.But the invention is still an idea. And nobody has tested the aerial screw in the reality. The idea comes from Leonardo first period in Milan and is dated between 1483 and 1486. It belongs to the first series of machines designed for flight. He got the idea from a toy (called windmill game), which was popular in Leonardo time. Deep-sea diving suit: The diving suit Leonardo had also invented a deep-sea diving suit. It was made by leather and cane hoses fixed together by leather Joints so the diver can breath e.Inside the Joints it's steel spirals so the diver are protected from the pressure of the water. Without the spirals can't the diver breathe. Leonardo wanted the diver to be dry all the time so he made a coat, trousers and a mask with glass lenses. He invented the diving suit when he was in Venice. He invented it because Venice was threatened by the Turkish fleet. The idea was that one diver should sink at least one of the enemy's ships. [pick] [pick] Cane hoses, leather Joints and a steel spiral inside a Joint Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Dad Vinci, he grew up lonely in his birthplace Italy, were his parent's didn't really want a child in the first place. The first thing and best thing that his father did for the young boy was to put him in art school. Even know Dad Vinci was lonely he had the great nature to refer to and drew the earth for hours and hours of the day. Leonardo Dad Vinci was more than Just a painter; he created the types of machines that soldiers could use during the war.Dad Vinci was a vegetarian who loved pets and absolutely despised war, but worked as a military engineer and invent unique war machines to destroy the cities or countries. This bold young gentlemen contrived appliances and real life looking paintings that follow you were ever you go. During the 15th and 16th centuries men began to revive the arts and the sciences which had almost been forgotten during the middle ages. This period in history is called the renaissance. One of the greatest men of the renaissance was Leonardo did seer Piper dad Vinci. Vinci was born on April. 5th, 1452, in a small town called Michigan, which was near Vinci. Vinci was a unique boy with lots of intelligent and when he was young he used to admire the outside world and drew rocks and trees for his entertainment. Even though he was a lonely kid and an only child, he seemed smarter than the other kids that lived near him. Vinci had parent's but they broke up after his birth, after they separated his father raised him. Later on when Vinci was age 1 5 and already mastered the full potential of an artist was sent away by his father, to a man named Andrea del Overarching and was a pupil in his workshop.In 1472, working with del Overarching, Dad Vinci was obtained into the painter's guild of Florence. Vinci worked with Overarching for 10 years and humiliated Overarching so many times he quit being a painter, which was astounding because only so many students humiliate their own master. As this young teen growing up he never lost the in terest or his reputation as an artist but His interest in painting led him to study anatomy, the science of light and vision, the growth and structure of plants, and other subjects which would help him in his art.Later on down the road when Vine's career started to gain, he was charged with sodomy's, later the charges were dropped but he was humiliated when he was not hoses to be hired to paint the Sistine Chapel. Dad Vinci was going back and forth place to place going back to Florence for the second time to serve Cesar Barrio in 1502. In 1512 Leonardo went to Rome where the new pope was one of the Medics, his patron family. Dad Vinci did not remain too long in Rome but went instead back to Milan to prepare for the arrival of the King of France.In 1516 he left for France at the invitation of King Francis the first. While living in France he received a castle of Cloud and some money to live on. Leonardo spent his last two and a half years there. He painted a bit, but one of his hands was now slightly paralyzed because of a stroke. Leonardo Dad Vinci died in 1519 at age of 67 and was buried at Ambrose near his castle. He has become known as a true example of the Renaissance man because Leonardo was interested in almost everything. (http://www. Dovetailing. Com/ index. HTML) Leonardo had lots of students while he was alive but one student hanged out than the rest he taught than later adopted a child named Giant Giaconda Capacitor dad Reno, which he nicknamed the boy Salami which is also referred to as little Satan. Vinci eased the ten year old boy with extra care. He was odd, and used to destroy most of his work. Giant was named Salami because he would steal from Dad Vinci and steal from other people to as well. In the first year with Vinci, Salami was given a cloak, six shirts, three doublets and twenty four pairs of shoes.Even after all that he kept stealing, so Dad Vinci had to keep an eye on him the whole time they were in public. Giant showed some great work in painting but didn't become a painter. Vinci taught him some skills but always had to clean up Giant's paintings. (http://www. Lardier. Org. NZ/Leonardo/ alai. HTML) Dad Vinci painted so many real live looking people in his painting; it's incredible to think about back in the 1 5th and 16th century. One of Leonardo first paintings was with Andrea del Overarching and they drew the Baptism of Christ.Overarching told Vinci to paint the knelling angel and Vinci did a better Job than his own master. During his lifetime he has painted so many pictures that have been amazing. Some great works that Leonardo has painted were The Last Supper, when Leonardo remained in Milan for 17 years during which time he painted the famous Last Supper and completed a 6 foot model of the Oxfords statue. In 1499 French troops invaded Milan and Leonardo was unharmed, he fled to Venice. In a later invasion by the French, the model of the Oxfords statue was broken up, and there is no record of it besides for Leonardo sketches.Another Painting that Leonardo did back in Florence was one of his famous paintings La Giaconda which is more commonly known as the Mona Lisa. Madonna Lisa, the wife of a Florentine merchant. Leonardo worked on the painting for four years. â€Å"The poet ranks far below the painter in the representation of visible wings, and far below the musician in that of invisible things. † (http://www. Leonardo- dad-Vinci-biography. Com/quotes. HTML) Leonardo Dad Vinci painted tons but he also made military weapons and helped out.Many of his weapons were very helpful for the war and some are even still used today. Some weapons that Vinci came up with was his helicopter, first ever designed helicopter that was also referred to as Arial Screw, Leonardo felt that men could operate it by pushing the four parts to rotate the propeller. One of the inventions that he made, that we still used today is a parachute. One of the most known inventions Dad Vinci came up with was the glider he made with no engine, which could keep itself up from the wind currents. Once you have tasted flight, you will forever walk the earth with your eyes turned skyward, for there you have been, and there you will always long to return†. (http://www. Goodness. Com/quotes/5504-once- you-have-tasted-flight-you-will-forever-walk-the) Leonardo even came up with the first armored car that was designed as a cone shaped top for all the bullets to ricochet off of the armored car. Leonardo made so many other inventions to, he even invented the first crane, scuba diving suit, and he was so interested in the study of light and vision.He understood the principle which causes light to cast an image upside down on a screen Just like our cameras now. Dad Vinci helped out so much in his life time; he was a lonely man but dedicated his life time work to art, inventions and became one of the most genuine and one of the most popular people ever known. Without him the world wouldn't be the s ame today. He could build and draw the types of war machines with his imagination and could bring ideas and make them to life. Leonardo da vinci Leonardo dad Vinci Leonardo dad Vinci was born on April 15th in 1452 in Vinci, Italy. He was born out of wedlock and taken from his pheasant mother at the age of five years old. His father was Pierre dad Vinci, who was a legal specialist and married into a wealthy family soon after. He was sent to live with his grandparent's, where he was given little formal education. At age fourteen he was apprenticing under the famous artist Overarching. Leonardo never married and formed very few close relationships throughout his bedtime.Although it is said he was a very kind and sympathetic person. Not only was Leonardo one of the most important artists of the Italian Renaissance, but also a mathematician, inventor, musician, and a writer. Records of his detailed notebooks he possessed reveal that his interests spanned far beyond Just paintings. This man's extraordinary genius was not only given to the world of art, but that of astronomy, anatomy, botany, geology, optics and math. It is also rep orted that he was talented in he musical world, playing the lute.One of Leonardo greatest contributions to painting was his introduction to the idea of suffuse, which essentially meaner â€Å"Smokey'. Alt is a way of producing atmospheric perspective in paintings. Leonardo became a master artist in the Guild of Saint Luke by the age of twenty, shortly after he moved to Milan to open his own workshop and started taking orders from wealthy patrons. His greatest work while in Milan was his painting named The Last Supper. This was a slow inch by inch process because of the condition of the work is so poor.Being an experimenter, Leonardo painted on dry plaster with an oil and tempura mixture. It began peeling almost immediately after. During the early sass's dad Vinci began painting the Mona Lisa, which is one of his most important works and still today one of the world's most famous paintings. This piece of art continues to consistently fascinate people in today's society. It is said t hat it took him four years to omelet this painting. Not only was Leonardo a Renaissance man but he also made many great contributions to the world of science.Leonardo went to Rome in 1513 to work for Pope Leo the 10th. He stayed for about three years, all while practicing dissections and laid the foundation for human anatomy. He also spent his last few years of life working for the King of France as well as other members of the French nobility. Leonardo died on May 2nd 1519. Leonardo dad Vinci is deservedly one of story most famous painters, one of the greatest naturalists who ever lived, and is someone we continue to admire today. Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo dad Vinci is a Renaissance Man because he excelled in a wide variety of activities. He was a painter, scientist, architect, engineer, and many more. He valued nature's mysteries in awe. He had the power of intellect – he could be the master of anything he turned his mind to. He was handsome and strong and these qualities were also seen through his painting. Dad Vinci was an illegitimate child and they were a poor family. Illegitimacy hindered him from certain things like inheriting property, taking his father's name, certain professions & guilds.He had no real place & he was kept away from people of a different social status. He was accused of sodomy's. He wasn't chosen as one of the artists to paint the Sistine Chapel in Rome. These challenges ignited a passion in his heart to push beyond all obstacles and expectations in order to break free from the illegitimacy and low social class. Since dad Vinci wanted to break free from illegitimacy and low social class, he ha d to have a code of survival and success. He knew that his hope rests in his talent; therefore, he had to excel in it.So when they moved to Florence, his father sent him to Andrea De Overreach, a Florentine artist, who gave dad Vinci the experience needed to get into a guild. During these times were when dad Vinci realized the powerful connection between art and power. The Medici were a big influence as the powerful patrons of the arts. Dad Vinci learned all he can in order to excel more. As reflected in his notebooks, â€Å"A painter must develop all skills† and doing one thing well, isn't enough; a person should excel in different activities.In Overreach's workshop, he not only learned to paint but he also learned engineering & mechanical training, painting on ceramic, and sculpture in bronze or marble. He loved to observe nature and he believed that only through experimentation can we truly know anything. He always presented himself in a manner which showed him as handsome & strong and therefore immediately likeable. He always pushed himself beyond expectations & if something hinders him from his goal, he finds another way to achieve it. His code as to never be limited by what has been done before or what others might think.He pushed himself to the limits with his imaginative mind and endless stream of ideas. It was important that he followed his code of survival and success so that he could break free from illegitimacy & be a successful person in the time of Renaissance. If he followed his code, he would become one of the most valued people at that time because it was a period when art was closely related to power. His code pushed him to tackle more ideas, like his cannons, catapults, & ladders. He had the amazing ability to capture motion & emotion in his paintings and drawings which put him above others.As previously stated, he had the ability of being the master of anything he turned his mind to, which is a result of him following his code. He kn ew that painting was the in road to patronage life but he unfortunately left it behind to pursue other things that interested him more such as engineering & nature. If I were to pick one of dad Vine's masterpieces, I would pick The Lady with the Ermine. I think this painting exemplifies true Renaissance, humanism & Excellence because for me, he Renaissance was a time of excellence and amazing discoveries.In the painting, dad Vinci was able to capture even the smallest details of the lady. He was able to paint the wrinkles in her hand, her nails, and the tendon in her hand. He was also able to accurately paint her even if she appears to be looking somewhere distant or not directly at him. He was able to capture her, as well as the ermine's, emotion & thoughts and put it to paper. For me, his ability to do that really showed how the Renaissance time was a period of great art and excellence. Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo dad Vinci â€Å"The life of an artist† Tiffany Made Union City high school World History January 2010 Leonardo was a really creative man. Leonardo did lots of things during his lifetime. He painted things appealing to him. He also sketched inventions that weren't made until later times. Leonardo wasn't really known in the beginning of his life, but he was really known for his artwork after he died. Leonardo was inspired by many things. He also liked working with lots of things. Leonardo may have also been fascinated by triangles so much he wanted to put them in mostly all of his paintings.The only thing bout his artwork and inventions is that he never finished anything. Leonardo dad Vinci was born on April 15, 1492. Leonardo died on May 2, 1519. He was born in Vinci, Italy. Leonardo didn't exactly finish school, but he did try to finish his schooling in later years. He was buried in San Foresting in Ambrose. He was raised by a single father. He drew lots of plans for things that would end up helping in war. While Leonardo was a child he never learned about love. So as Leonardo grew older he didn't really know how to love anyone.Things people may have realized was that he liked the weirdest things about humans. A kind of interesting thing about him is that he is left handed, but he could also use his right hand. Leonardo could use both of his arms equally. Sometimes he would write down what Jokes and riddles he wanted to share with his friends. One thing Leonardo always did was trying to avoid all the drinking parties. Lots of things inspired him like Paolo Del Bozo Toscanini, a physician and philosopher, investigator of natural phenomena and a mathematician, which inspired him the most out of everything else.Very early he started to use machinery. Soon he became more aware of his knowledge of the principles of physics. He was devoted to studying nature. He also dreamed of the end of the world being very cataclysmic. He philosophized about death. The year of 1476 was very hard for him. The first money check on his account was in March 1478 for 25 florins. Sometimes he would get mad that time was going to fast for him. When he worked with the monks he got a cask of red wine. The arrogance of the intellectual elite who did not like II Magnified and his contemporaries made him very irritated.He also even tried showing he couldn't be recognized in his own city for his efforts. Leonardo never forgot that they refused to recognize his labors. He also knew he could conduct his own research to learn about humanists. He also had and important interview about laws he wrote one day to be used took place at the end of 1482 or at the beginning of 1483. Also, he soon observed that of all the proposals, he laid before the ruler of Milan, was those concerned with innovations that brought up the most interest. To him all the fun and enjoyable times were all strange.At one point he kind of became homeless because he rent any apartments or bu ildings to live in anymore. While he was homeless he learned that Lombard artists met in groups for protection. There as a motto used by Leonardo that said in English â€Å"Love conquers all things,† and in another language that may be Latin it said â€Å"Moor noon cosec Vince. † He also tried doing schooling again for years while he was waiting to leave Via. While he was doing this he wrote a long list of words from the dictionary of Lugging Pulpit's â€Å"Vocalists. † He wrote definitions down in his own words.Leonardo also made lists of nouns and verbs and degrees. He also entered a competition for building a Cathedral building. People realized something about Leonardo because of his technical discoveries gave them the idea he was interested in mechanical inventions. Another thing he was very interested in was construction of houses and churches. Leonardo urged artists to rely entirely on nature. Also, after seeing a theatre he proposed to build a tomb for pr inces. He also may have held lots of scripts with velvet covers in his hands.He remembered one of them to him it was like a whole new world of research. At one time he had and apprentice that was a ten year old named Giaconda, son of Giovanni Pitter Capacitor of Reno. Leonardo was a painter and an inventor, but the only thing about his inventions were was that they were never made until later after he died. In his earliest paintings there was signs he was a very good artist. When Leonardo was about 21 he drew his first landscape. Leonardo did a self-portrait and in it he put every single detail that was on his face like wrinkles and all of that in the portrait.In the very first sketches he ever made the faces were all the same. Somewhere in his drawings he had isosceles triangles in them it didn't really matter they maybe where the arms were bent. Leonardo success began to show when people started imitating his work. A sketch that was found that was made by him in 1478 has been said that it was a sketch for an angels dead. The sketch was probably for the painting he helped Veronica with. In the painting he painted the second angel. He also worked on the theme of god for a while and he looked for the simple types of shepherds he had.On lots of sheets of paper he sketched attitudes and facial gestures of men when a supernatural thing was occurring. During the time Leonardo was making stuff for war he made a memorandum which he handed to Ladylove Sports. In this memorandum he wrote about times of peace and that he had a project and that the project was to make a monument for Francesco Sports. Soon he started realizing that in Milan it was hard life for the artists who live there during that period. He made a list of sketches for himself and at the top he put â€Å"Many flowers drawn from nature. In spring of 1483 the inspiration for him was the natural beauty of everything. He had signed a contract with a fraternity called the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception. Ten years after he signed the contract, which was for pictures, there was a problem and he took it to Imbroglio De Prà ©cis and he sent a petition to Ladylove Sports. Another thing about Imbroglio De Prà ©cis is that he finished some of Leonardo sketches and roundworm for things Leonardo was working on. Leonardo also had sketches of disasters and he put mountain landscapes and rivers rushing between the mountains.His first vehicle could probably only go a few yards. He invented a drum with a wheel trestle because drums were popular back in his period. He also drew tools for moving soil. When he was doing that he invented a machine for handling heavy rocks called a lifting grab. He waited for a reason to use it though. Leonardo was into warfare, so he drew sketches of things he thought they will need. One of the things he sketched was a 3-wheeled gun. The 3-wheeled gun is a Cambridge with a huge screw terminating in gigantic forceps which gripped the gun barrel.Leonardo was devote d to the Job for fixing the problems with machine parts. During this time he also sketched guns. Soon he started sketching even better plans for warfare. Leonardo owed his knowledge of military technique to his careful study witnessed by many extracts in the MS B. In these military times he made methods of construction of very light and strong bridges so that in war you can use them to get the enemies faster and he also knew that he knows how to destroy the bridges as good as he dad them. Leonardo also sketched gangways that could be moved to use on towers.He also said he had methods of destroying forts that are not built on rock. But one thing he didn't have was details on about how to move and stuff like that when rivals came. One thing he represented was an operation of a bomb made with hemp and fish glue and tubes that were going to be attached like spokes to a copper ball filled with a bottle. This was called a collection. During this time one of things he was concerned about a t all times was to make his weapons of very inflammable material. He also made and knew the physical laws on the use and possibilities of explosives.Leonardo made a memorandum and it was filled with strange proposals he made. Another thing he had in mind for war was an armored car. One of his projects he had was made in 1515 in Numerous; the project was a breech-loading gun. While he was doing a study with these things of warfare he discovered something by accident. The thing he discovered was steam. Leonardo drew something that looked like a water vessel connected to a copper tube which was heated by a coal fire. What it did s the water flowed into the red-hot tube and turned into steam, which drove the ball out of the mouth of the tube.This is probably how he discovered steam. Leonardo wrote â€Å"The Architectonic is a copper engine invented by Archimedes, which fires heavy iron balls with great force. † While doing all of these projects and sketches he sketched an apocaly ptic vision. The atmosphere had a peace sense and it was like he wasn't all there while drawing it and what it meant in reality. In years after he studied gun-making he was attracted by general mechanical problems outside of the gun field. For guns he decided to make a wagon. Leonardo also made the pistol, but he made it with the Wheel lock. It became known in the public in 1517.Then they changed the wheel lock to a matchlock until the end of the seventeenth century. The ideas he put in front of the lord of Milan made them not have any confidence about the wagon and guns he sketched and possibly made. Leonardo had lots of paintings he did. All of his paintings aren't finished. In his famous altar piece â€Å"The virgin of the rocks† He studied the nativity scenes and different poses and gestures of the mother and her infant probably in preparation for the main panel. In his drawing of the â€Å"Bennie Madonna† he may have had his stepmother with her first born in her l ap.The â€Å"Bennie Madonna† made other artists want to draw it. So, that's when his success began to show is because everyone started imitating this painting. Leonardo found other ways after to draw the â€Å"Madonna. † Leonardo was about 30 years old when he painted the â€Å"Adoration of the Magi. † He also had a painting called the â€Å"Saint Jerome. † The painting of â€Å"Madonna on the rocks† is suppose to be like a daydream someone has laying down on the ground and looking up at the sky. In it he also drew an equilateral triangle. In the painting of â€Å"Madonna Little† Imbroglio De Prà ©cis colored the clothes that Leonardo helped draw.Leonardo painted a portrait of Cecilia, Ladylove Saffron's daughter, when she was only about 17 years old. Cecilia is the sister of the â€Å"Mona Lisa. † The one reason you may realize that the â€Å"Mona Lisa† isn't done is because she isn't wearing any Jewelry. Cecilia let Isabella detest compare the portrait done by Giovanni Bellini's and she had altered completely because she was a lot younger when Giovanni Bellini's did the first one. His painting of the â€Å"lady with the weasel† was taken over by the Lombard school. The painting of the â€Å"lady with the weasel† Imbroglio De Prà ©cis helped with this one too.One thing found was a pen drawing of the head of Christ. There are seven sketches of â€Å"Saint Jerome in the Desert. † There are about eight sketches for â€Å"Saint Sebastian† There is about four sketches for the later picture of â€Å"Angel of the Annunciation. † There is one completed picture of the â€Å"Madonna. † There is one head of the blessed virgin for the picture of the â€Å"Ascension. † There is one sculpture of â€Å"Crucifixion in relief. † Leonardo drew â€Å"Mount Sepsis† in Ptolemy map of Asia. For a sculpture, the perfect smoothness was all done by him. Also, in a notebook he had instructions for what he wanted everything to look like.The architecture filled his every thought. He was asked to help with the design of the â€Å"Saint Sophia at Constantinople. † He made lots of sketches of this design. He was aware that they preferred the form of the Latin cross. Some people thought Leonardo was kind of weird for wanting to study the senses and stuff about the body. Leonardo began to think about stuff on the human mind understands things. He also thought that signs are the best of all the senses of the human body. But, he was very uncomfortable in the field of abstract thought. Leonardo wrote â€Å"The senses are earthly; the reason stands outside them during contemplation. In the classical school of reason and will he put in those places memory and intellect. He devoted his leisure time to the study of philosophy. But, Leonardo still didn't yet have his intellectual confidence. After reading a book that AFAIK Carbon gave him called â₠¬Å"The perspective communism of John Peacock. † He wrote something after called â€Å"An introduction to perspective, that to say to the function of the eye. † The lenses of the eye were his way into anatomy. He was first to record the phenomena of irradiation. He also made a lamp to help him at night with these studies.Leonardo was very interested in making things, so he decided to make new cities and towns. When he entered a competition for a Cathedral building he thought about making cities out of the soil. Leonardo considered ways of using Ladylove Saffron's life-preserving fear in his plans. He said â€Å"that to have humanity go from capital cities is to build ten towns and have five thousand houses to house more than 30,000 people. While he talked about this he never left out the economic side. He wanted his towns on riverbanks or seashores and he had the Diction in mind.His cities in mind were for the rich and aristocrats. There was going to be two cities right on top of each other. When he wasn't allowed to build the ten new cities he went and invented things to keep foul smells away. Leonardo was many things in his life even if it was mostly art. He was an interesting man with all of things he did like when he went back to school so he could do more since artists weren't known that much. Leonardo did have lots of art sketches that he didn't really have names for, but he still worked on them no matter whatever until he probably got bored with them.He id lots of things for warfare too he invented things we can use today because we put more into what he already had. We also have some of his paintings still around they are in museums all around the world, but he did lots of paintings even though he may not have finished them. Leonardo did like what he did even if people thought it was weird because he still studied some more into the human body. He may have wanted new cities, but that probably was only to make him famous.

Align Risk, Threats, & Vulnerabilities Essay

a. Unauthorized access from public internet – HIGH b. User destroys data in application and deletes all files – LOW c. Workstation OS has a known software vulnerability – HIGH d. Communication circuit outages – MEDIUM e. User inserts CD’s and USB hard drives with personal photos, music and videos on organization owned computers – MEDIUM 2. a. PO9.3 Event Identification – Identify threats with potential negative impact on the enterprise, including business, regulatory, legal, technology, trading partner, human resources and operational aspects. b. PO9.4 Risk Assessment – Assess the likelihood and impact of risks, using qualitative and quantitative methods. c. PO9.5 Risk Response – Develop a response designed to mitigate exposure to each risk – Identify risk strategies such as avoidance, reduction, acceptance – determine associated responsibilities; and consider risk tolerance levels. a. Unauthorized access from public internet – AVAILABILITY b. User destroys data in application and deletes all files – INTEGRITY c. Workstation OS has a known software vulnerability – CONFIDENTIALITY d. Communication circuit outages – AVAILABILITY e. User inserts CD’s and USB hard drives with personal photos, music and videos on organization owned computers – INTEGRITY 4. a. Unauthorized access from public internet – Operating system, software patches, updates, change passwords often, and hardware or software firewall. b. User destroys data in application and deletes all files – Restrict access for users to only those systems, applications, and data needed to perform their jobs. Minimize write/delete permissions to the data owner only. c. Workstation OS has a known software vulnerability – Define a workstation application software vulnerability window policy. Update application software and security patches according to defined policies, standards, procedures, and guidelines. d. Communication circuit outages – the role of countermeasures against catastrophic failures is not to eliminate them which is impossible, but to reduce their frequency and severity. e. User inserts CD’s and USB hard drives with personal photos, music and videos on organization owned computers – Disable internal CD drives and USB ports. Enable automatic antivirus scans for inserted media drives, files and e-mail attachments. An antivirus scanning system examines all new files on your computer’s hard drive for viruses. Set up antivirus scanning for e-mails with attachments. The Risk Management Process a. Step 1 Identify the hazards b. Step 2 Decide who might be harmed and how c. Step 3 Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions d. Step 4 Record your findings and implement them e. Step 5 Review your assessment and update if necessary 5. a. Threat or Vulnerability #1: * Information – Social engineering/ install web filtering software. * Application – Malicious and non-malicious threats consist of inside attacks by disgruntled or malicious employees and outside attacks by non-employees just looking to harm and disrupt an organization/ computer security, software quality, and data quality programs. * Infrastructure – Terrorist organizations, both foreign and domestic/Natural forces such as time, weather and neglect. * People – Careless employees/Educating users b. Threat or Vulnerability #2: * Information – Intentional/Unintentional Action, battery backup/generator, journaling file system and RAID storage * Application – Software bugs/ malicious act, antivirus protection and network firewalls * Infrastructure – Power failure, Hardware failure/security fixes and system patches * People – malicious act/ Educating users c. Threat or Vulnerability #3: * Information – zero-hour or day zero/ Zero-day protection, Secure Socket Layer (SSL) * Application – Keeping the computer’s software up-to-date * Infrastructure – malicious software/analyze, test, report and mitigate. * People – Careless employees/Educating users 6. True or False – COBIT P09 Risk Management controls objectives focus on assessment and management of IT risk. 7. Why is it important to address  each identified threat or vulnerability from a C-I-A perspective? 8. When assessing the risk impact a threat or vulnerability has on your â€Å"information† assets, why must you align this assessment with your Data Classification Standard? How can a Data Classification Standard help you assess the risk impact on your â€Å"information† assets? 9. When assessing the risk impact a threat or vulnerability has on your â€Å"application† and â€Å"infrastructure†, why must you align this assessment with both a server and application software vulnerability assessment and remediation plan? 10. When assessing the risk impact a threat or vulnerability has on your â€Å"people†, we are concerned with users and employees within the User Domain as well as the IT security practitioners who must implement the risk mitigation steps identified. How can you communicate to your end-user community that a security threat or vulnerability has been identified for a production system or application? How can you prioritize risk remediation tasks? 11. What is the purpose of using the COBIT risk management framework and approach? Assess the likelihood and impact of risks, using qualitative and quantitative methods. 12. What is the difference between effectiveness versus efficiency when assessing risk and risk management? Effectiveness is following the instruction of a specific job while efficiency is doing the instruction in lesser time and cost. They say Effectiveness is doing what’s right and efficiency is doing things rightly done. 13. Which three of the seven focus areas pertaining to IT risk management are primary focus areas of risk assessment and risk management and directly relate to information system security? 14. Why is it important to assess risk impact from four different perspectives as part of the COBIT P09 Framework? It assigns responsibility. 15. What is the name of the organization who defined the COBIT P09 Risk Management Framework Definition? Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA).